Answered: One explanation for the “stepped cline”…

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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4a) One explanation for the “stepped cline” in both gene frequencies and morphology is that B. bombina and B. variegata first diverged in allopatry and are now forming a secondary hybrid zone. Is the spatial pattern of genetic and morphological variation consistent with this explanation? Why or why not?

4b) Another explanation is that this is a “primary hybrid zone” where disruptive selection is acting on parapatric populations of red-bellied and yellow-bellied toads. What would have to be true for the ecological niches of these two-color forms of toad for disruptive selection to be acting on so many loci in parapatry?

4c) In either a secondary or a primary hybrid zone, what do the graphs above indicate about the relative fitnesses of the hybrid toads away from the 0-kilometer site on the cline? Why?

(A)
0.99
0.9
B. bombina
0.5
0.1
0.01
-30 -20
-10
10
20
30
40
Distance from center of cline (km)
(B)
0.99
B. variegata
0.9
0.5
0.1
0.01
-30 -20
-10
10
20
30
40
Distance from center of cline (km)
EVOLUTION 4e, Figure 9.4
© 2017 Sinauer Associates, Inc.
Morphological score
Allele frequency

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