O both rhodopsin action and gene expression dependent on retinal O retinoic acid-mediated vision, and retinal-dependent gene expression O both gene expression and rhodopsin action dependent on retinoic acid O retinal-mediated vision, and retinoic acid dependent gene expression
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- Part A Which of the following statements about pain-relief substances is correct? View Available Hint(s) O Endorphins are synthetic pain-killers. O Met-enkephalin has pain-killing ability because of its structural similarity to morphine. O Many natural pain-killing polypeptides are ideal for medical use. O Receptors of opium derivatives are found in all body cells. SubmitIn most neurons, membrane depolarization leads to the opening of voltage-dependent ion channels, generation of an action potential, and, ultimately, an influx of Ca2+, which causes release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. Devise a cellular strategy by which hyperpolarization in rod cells could produce excitation of the visual pathway and passage of visual signals to the brain. (Hint: The neuronal signaling pathway in higher organisms consists of a series of neurons that relay information to the brain. The signal released by one neuron can be either excitatory or inhibitory to the following, postsynaptic neuron.)It is not an easy matter to assign particular func-tions to specific components of the basal lamina, sincethe overall structure is a complicated composite materialwith both mechanical and signaling properties. Nidogen,for example, cross-links two central components of thebasal lamina by binding to the laminin γ-1 chain and totype IV collagen. Given such a key role, it was surprisingthat mice with a homozygous knockout of the gene fornidogen-1 were entirely healthy, with no abnormal phe-notype. Similarly, mice homozygous for a knockout of thegene for nidogen-2 also appeared completely normal. Bycontrast, mice that were homozygous for a defined muta-tion in the gene for laminin γ-1, which eliminated just thebinding site for nidogen, died at birth with severe defectsin lung and kidney formation. The mutant portion of thelaminin γ-1 chain is thought to have no other functionthan to bind nidogen, and does not affect laminin struc-ture or its ability to assemble into the basal lamina.…
- Which of the following events does not occur during light absorption in the vertebrate eye? The retinal component of rhodopsin changes from cis to trans form. Rhodopsin, a G-proteincoupled receptor, triggers a signaltransduction pathway to close Na+ channels in the plasmamembrane. The light stimulus passes from rods and cones to bipolar cellsand horizontal cells and then to ganglion cells, whose axonscompose the optic nerve. As light absorption increases, the rhodopsin response causesan increase in the release of neurotransmitters. When integrating information across the retina, horizontalcells connect the rods and cones, and amacrine cells join with the bipolar cells and ganglion cells.Help me pleasePathways involving G proteins provide an opportunityfor an increase in signal strength in the course of signaltransduction, a change referred to as amplification.How might this be beneficial in olfaction?
- Explain why Tyrosinase (TYR) plays a crucial role in the melanin biosynthesis pathway The gene encodes an enzyme called tyrosinase, which is responsible for oxidizing tyrosine. Explain why the TYR has a significant association with skin color in humans and coat color in animals Mutations in the TYR gene cause a variety of diseases, including albinism and vitiligoResearchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 10- 0 0 0.1 A.U (Arbitraty Unit) 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0.4 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20- 15- 10 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) -20 C. The PDE protein is an oxidase that reduces GMP into a cGMP D. The PDE protein is a phosphodiesterase that converts cGMP into a GMP E. The PDE…Researchers who study those rods cells have performed a series of experiments to better understand this phototransduction pathway and the role of this PDE protein in patients that suffer from night blindness. In one experiment, researchers have measured the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic- GMP) under different light intensities (exposure = 10 min) in both the presence and the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor. The results are as follow: the cytosolic concentration of cGMP (cyclic-GMP) decreases as light intensity increases, but only in the absence of the PDE6i inhibitor (see figure below). Without PDE6i cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- 0- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 25 0.4 20 15 - 10 5 0 GMP concentration (A.U) cGMP concentration (A.U) 25 20 15- o 0- 0 0.1 With PDE6i 0.2 0.3 Light intensity (A.U) 0.4 25 20 0 GMP concentration (A.U) 10. What is the likely function of the cytosolic cGMP in this phototransduction pathway? A. It is a competitive inhibitor of PDE B. It is a…
- Pls provide side by side difference of the steps in the synthesis of catecholamines and acetylcholine.The senses of smell and taste both respond to exposure to chemicals. In what ways are the molecules and biochemistry underlying the perceptions of smell and taste similar to one another? In what ways are they different?1. How would you describe activity of the RAS in preparationfor and during sleep? What happens physiologically when your alarm clockwakes you in the morning?