NH, -0- The nitrogenous base in this molecule is adenine. In which process would this molecule be a substrate? Choose all that apply. O Glycolysis O In vitro DNA replication O In vivo DNA replication O Transcription

NH, -0- The nitrogenous base in this molecule is adenine. In which process would this molecule be a substrate? Choose all that apply. O Glycolysis O In vitro DNA replication O In vivo DNA replication O Transcription

Biology Today and Tomorrow without Physiology (MindTap Course List)

5th Edition

ISBN:9781305117396

Author:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Publisher:Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr

Chapter7: Gene Expression And Control

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 2SQ

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From where does the cell obtain the energy to synthesize a new strand of DNA? Breaking the phosphate bonds in a molecule of ATP Breaking the phosphate bonds of the incoming trinucleotide Breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides Creating a H+ gradient following the transfer of high energy electrons
DNA contains the template needed to copy itself, but it has no catalytic activity in cells. What catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between adjacent nucleotides in the DNA polymer being formed? DNA polymerase deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates ribozymes ATP
Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE about genomic DNA replication? O A DNA replication begins at the origin of replication and proceeds bi-directionally O B. New nucleotides can be added by the DNA polymerase only to the 3 end of the growing strand O. Synthesis of new DNA is catalyzed by the enzymes called DNA polymerases OD. DNA replication is semi-conservative OE. DNA replication proceeds continuously on both parental DNA strands.
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why is targeting protein synthesis an effective strategy for preventing infection?
Antibiotics and Protein Synthesis Antibiotics are molecules produced by microorganisms as defense mechanisms. The most effective antibiotics work by interfering with essential biochemical or reproductive processes. Many antibiotics block or disrupt one or more stages in protein synthesis. Some of these are mentioned here. Tetracyclines are a family of chemically related compounds used to treat several types of bacterial infections. Tetracyclines interfere with the initiation of translation. The tetracycline molecule attaches to the small ribosomal subunit and prevents binding of the tRNA anticodon during initiation. Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes are sensitive to the action of tetracycline, but this antibiotic cannot pass through the plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells. Because tetracycline can enter bacterial cells to inhibit protein synthesis, it will stop bacterial growth, helping the immune system fight the infection. Streptomycin is used in hospitals to treat serious bacterial infections. It binds to the small ribosomal subunit but does not prevent initiation or elongation; however, it does affect the efficiency of protein synthesis. Binding of streptomycin changes the way mRNA codons interact with the tRNA. As a result, incorrect amino acids are incorporated into the growing polypeptide chain, producing nonfunctional proteins. In addition, streptomycin causes the ribosome to randomly fall off the mRNA, preventing the synthesis of complete proteins. Puromycin is not used clinically but has played an important role in studying the mechanism of protein synthesis in the research laboratory. The puromycin molecule is the same size and shape as a tRNA/amino acid complex. When puromycin enters the ribosome, it can be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain, stopping further synthesis because no peptide bond can be formed between puromycin and an amino acid, causing the shortened polypeptide to fall off the ribosome. Chloramphenicol was one of the first broadspectrum antibiotics introduced. Eukaryotic cells are resistant to its actions, and it was widely used to treat bacterial infections. However, its use is limited to external applications and serious infections. Chloramphenicol destroys cells in the bone marrow, the source of all blood cells. In bacteria, this antibiotic binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the formation of peptide bonds. Another antibiotic, erythromycin, also binds to the large ribosomal subunit and inhibits the movement of ribosomes along the mRNA. Almost every step of protein synthesis can be inhibited by one antibiotic or another. Work on designing new synthetic antibiotics to fight infections is based on our knowledge of how the nucleotide sequence of mRNA is converted into the amino acid sequence of a protein. Questions Why are antibiotics ineffective in treating the common cold and other virus infections?
Figure 4.10 Enzymes, temperature, and pH. Each enzyme works best within a characteristic range of conditionsgenerally the same environmental conditions in which the enzyme normally occurs. Figure It Out: At what temperature does the E.coli DNA polymerase work fastest?
What enzymatic activity is used to remove RNA primers at the end of DNA replication? Be specific and name the direction! need the enzymatic activity not the enzyme in question
BIOCHEMISTRY Complete the series for DNA replication, transcription and translation by writing the complementary DNA strand, mRNA, tRNA and series of amino acid. Using the table given, write the hidden message on the space provided:
Discuss DNA replication (eukaryotic) based on your own understanding of the process. Make sure to mention all of the enzymes and components.
Which statement about DNA clamps is TRUE? They prime synthesis of DNA. They form ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They remove mismatched nucleotides. They consist of B2 subunits. They utilize ATP.
The joining of a new nucleotide to a growing strand during DNA synthesis leads to the formation of a phosphoester bond and involves O a nucleophilic attack of the terminal P atom of the growing strand on the electrophilic 3-0 atom of the growing strand O a nucleophilic attack of the terminal 3'-0 atom of the growing strand on the electrophilic P atom of the incoming nucleotide O an electrophilic attack of the terminal 3'-O atom of the growing strand on the nucleophilic P atom of the incoming nucleotide an electrophilic attack of the terminal Patom of the growing strand on the nucleophilic 3-O atom of the growing strand
In the diagram below, a dotted line represents newly-synthesized DNA. What process is being shown? semi-conservative DNA replication DNA transcription RNA transcription translation conservative DNA replication