Lysine catabolism begins with reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine in a multistep process.Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism.Arrow-pushing Instructions7COOH NH3COOOOCB:COOH NH3COOBH+

Answered: Lysine catabolism begins with reductive…

Organic Chemistry

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Chapter29: The Organic Chemistry Of Metabolic Pathways

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Problem 23MP: One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose catabolism is the reaction of...

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One of the steps in the pentose phosphate pathway for glucose catabolism is the reaction of xylulose 5-phosphate with ribose 5-phosphate in the presence of a transketolase to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. (a) The first part of the reaction is nucleophilic addition of thiamin diphosphate (TPP) ylide to xylulose 5-phosphate, followed by a retro-aldol cleavage to give glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and a TPPcontaining enamine. Show the structure of the enamine and the mechanism by which it is formed. (b) The second part of the reaction is addition of the enamine to ribose 5-phosphate followed by loss of TPP ylide to give sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Show the mechanism.
Acetolactate synthase transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to alpha-ketobutyrate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acid isoleucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
Imidazoleglycerol‑phosphate dehydratase is an enzyme in the histine biosynthesis pathway. It catalyzes the E1 dehydration of D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate to imidazole acetol‑phosphate. This is a rare example of a biological E1 reaction, as most biological elimination reactions occur through E1cB instead. In this reaction, D‑erthyro‑imidazole‑glycerol phosphate is first protonated to form a good leaving group. Then, the leaving group is ejected to form the resonance‑stabilized carbocation shown. Draw curved arrows forming the most stable resonance structure to explain why this reaction goes through an E1 mechanism. Draw curved arrows to form the most stable resonance structure.
Pyruvate carboxylase is thought to activate CO2 by ATP, through formation of carboxyphosphate as an intermediate. Propose a mechanism for the formation of this intermediate.
Please draw by hand. Triosephosphate isomerase (TIM) catalyzes the conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The enzyme's catalytic groups are Glu 165 and His 95. In the first step of the reaction, these catalytic groups function as a base and an acid catalyst, respectively. Propose a mechanism for the reaction. ОН 2-03Р0 ОН dihydroxyacetone phosphate triosephosphate isomerase 2-03РО. H glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate FYI Glu is glutamic acid and his is histadine
Acetolactate synthase is another TPP-requiring enzyme. It transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to another molecule of pyruvate, forming acetolactate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acids valine and leucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
Acetolactate synthase is another TPP-requiring enzyme. It transfers the acyl group of pyruvate to another molecule of pyruvate, forming acetolactate. This is the first step in the biosynthesis of the amino acids valine and leucine. Propose a mechanism for this reaction.
The following reaction is catalyzed by a PLP-dependent enzyme. Propose a mechanism for this reaction. H₂N H OH H OH H₂N XX 5
t of pt pt pt fpt H- H- H- -OH -OH -OH CH₂OPO,² Ribose 5-phosphate Arrow-pushing Instructions XW H-N-Enzyme H-C CHO "tom H- -OH Conversion of ribose 5-phosphate to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (see above) is a step in the pentose phosphate degradation pathway. Write a detailed mechanism for the reaction above, then draw curved arrows to depict electron reorganization for step 5, the first step in hydrolysis of the iminium group below. Draw arrows to give enolates in the oxide resonance form. H-C-0-H H CH₂OPO,² Glyceraldehyde 3-phosophate + :0-H H CHO CH₂OPO, Previous
The vitamin Niacin is used to form nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide, which readily shuttles between its oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms. The latter serves as a cellular equivalent to NaBH4. The essential portions of the structures are shown below. Outline a mechanism for the cellular conversion of pyruvate to lactate. (Note: like NaBH4, NADH cannot reduce carboxylic acid carbonyls).
The given mechanism of transamination reaction is shown below, To complete the shuffling of amino groups and carbonyls, the PMP must be converted back to PLP. How would you predict that this occurs? 1. A separate reaction oxidizes the amine group of PMP to an aldehyde. 2. A separate reaction hydrolyzes the amine of PMP to an aldehyde. 3. A different ketoacid reacts with the amine of PMP, and the entire sequence runs backward. 4. Either 2 or 3 could occur.
The given mechanism of transamination reaction is shown below, What is the role of the pyridinium group in Step D? 1. It acts as an electron-donating group (source) of electrons to enhance deprotonation of the amino acid by the enzyme. 2. It acts as an electron-withdrawing group (sink) to facilitate deprotonation of the amino acid. 3. It plays the role of a Lewis base to coordinate the amino acid. 4. Both 2 and 3 are true.

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Lysine catabolism begins with reductive amination of a-ketoglutarate to give saccharopine in a multistep process. Draw curved arrows to show the movement of electrons in this step of the reaction mechanism. Arrow-pushing Instructions 7 COO H NH3 COO OOC B: COO H NH3 COO BH+