In the figures of ferricrocin and enterobactin, circle the parts of the molecule that are b) responsible for metal binding (if you are using a separate sheet for your answers, simply draw the individual functional groups and indicate how many there are in each siderophore). What are these
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- 3c.) Now, diagram below the internal structure of each villus Make sure to carefully depict the microvilli brush border and the system of vessels within each villus. Identify in your drawing the path taken by water-soluble versus fat-soluble nutrients once absorbed in the intestinal villi. (Describe what is the purpose Enterotube II/ Enteropluri system? (In detail)3. The gall stones were found in the patient by the upper abdominal ultrasound investigation. Explain the causes of the gall stones formation. For that: a) describe the composition of bile and the functions of the main bile compounds; b) draw the scheme of the bile salts synthesis and conjugation; c) describe the fate of secondary bile salts and their function in cholesterol metabolism; d) explain the way of the gall bladder stones formation.
- ESOPHAGUS 1. The esophagus takes food from the to the 2. a) At the junction of the esophagus and the stomach is a circular smooth muscle called the b) Contraction of this sphincter prevents the backup of into the3. Clinicians work on the case of a patient with chronic pancreatitis. This disease leads to insufficient secretion of the pancreatic juice into the small intestine. What changes in the dietary lipid processing that discase will cause? For the answer: a) draw the reactions of TAG digestion and the conditions they require; b) list all possible consequences of lipid indigestion; c) list the essential lipid compounds that would have a faulty absorption due to this discase; d) name the other detrimental causes of lipid indigestion and malabsorption.1.A patient with chronic pancreatitis and hence decreased secretory function of pancreas was prescribed an enzymatic drug «Enzystal» before each meal. Explain this prescription. For that: a)Name pansreatic enzymes, participating in digestion of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. What is their pH optimum and how is it reached in duodenum? b) Draw the scheme representing the cascade of activation of pancreatic proteolytic enzymes. Indicate the mechanism ofactivation and its reversability c)Why are proteolytic enzymes secreted by pancreas in inactive form? d)What recommendations on diet can be given to this patient?
- Define the following terms: a. enterocyte b. lipoprotein lipase c. ApoB-48 d. ApoE e. ApoC-II1. List the following organs in sequence from mouth to anus: caecum, colon, duodenum, esophagus, ileum, jejunum, laryngopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, rectum, stomach -> Mouth > -> -> -> -> -> → anus -> ->34) Bile….which one of the following is clearly incorrect? a. initiates emulsification of lipids b. contains bicarbonate c. is produced in the liver and pancreas d. is stored in the gall bladder e. despite acting as a detergent, it’s primary component is water
- 4. A patient with food indigestion has been screened and diagnosed with steatorrhea (the excretion of abnormal quantities of fat with the feces owing to reduced absorption of fat by the intestine). What are the causes and consequences of the steatorrhea? For the answer: a) draw the scheme of TAG digestion; b) explain the role of the pancreas in dietary lipid digestion; c) make a scheme of dietary TAG assimilation up to the step of chylomicron formation; d) list the dietary recommendation for that particular patient.12. Use the following photo and identify these organs: Diaphragm Duodenum Gallbladder Kidney Large intestine Liver Pancreas Rectum Renal artery Small intestine Spleen Stomach Ureters (Urinary) bladderGut commensal bacteria are beneficial to animal nutrition including humans. For non-fermenting animals such as humans, select the answer that describes the greatest benefit of gut microflora on nutritional physiology. Select one: a. Absorption of carbohydrates b. Removal of water c. Production of some types of essential vitamins such as biotin and vitamin K d. Generation of gases necessary for proper elimination