In terms of the spatial organization of photosynthesis within the chloroplast, what is the advantage of the light reactions producing NADPH and ATP on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane?
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In terms of the spatial organization of photosynthesis within the chloroplast, what is the advantage of the light reactions producing NADPH and ATP on the stroma side of the thylakoid membrane?
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- In photosynthesis, contrast the light reactions with the light independent reactions, in terms of goals, inputs, and outputs of each. Spatially where do they take place (which parts of the chloroplast)? (Optional, for further discussion: Could there be light reactions without light-independent reactions, or visa-versa?)In the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis, what specifically happens in the electron transport chain between Photosystem II and Photosystem I? The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem II is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem I. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to pheophytin and plastoquinones, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to plastocyanin. Plastocyanin then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II. The excited electron accepted by the primary acceptor in Photosystem I is transferred to plastocyanin, then to cytochrome complex, and finally to pheophytin and plastoquinones. Plastoquinone then transfers the electron to the P700 in the reaction center complex of Photosystem II.…The light reactions in chloroplasts power the creation of ATP via chemiosmosis. In relation to this process, which of the following is true? 1. ATP synthase breaks ATP down into ADP, creating energy to fuel chemiosmosis.2. Oxygen is used as a source of electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II.3. Chemiosmosis during the light reactions is also used in the reduction of NADPH and FADH2.4. As excited electrons fall back down to a lower energy state, they create a proton gradient that is used to fuel the phosphorylation of ADP.
- In chloroplasts, the light reactions power the creation of ATP via chemiosmosis. In relation to this process, which of the following is true? a) ATP synthase breaks ATP down into ADP, creating energy to fuel chemiosmosis. b) Oxygen is used as a source of electrons to replace those lost in photosystem II. c) Chemiosmosis during the light reactions is also used in the reduction of NADPH and FADH2. d) As excited electrons fall back down to a lower energy state, they create a proton gradient that is used to fuel the phosphorylation of ADP.What are the two places where light energy is required in the light reaction of photosynthesis? Why must energy be supplied at precisely these points?In photosynthesis, contrast the light reactions with the light independent reactions, in terms of goals, inputs, and outputs of each. Spatially where do they take place (which parts of the chloroplast)?
- If you could replace all of the plant ATP synthase with ATP synthase enzymes from animal cells, oriented such that the Fo complex was in the thylakoid membrane with the open channel facing the thylakoid space, and the F1 complex was present in the stroma, how would this affect the ability of photosystem II to generate ATP? Assume that the animal cell ATP synthase functions normally in the chloroplast after replacement.2.) A.) Explain how electron transfer leads to ATP biosynthesis in the light reactions of photosynthesis. You must give details about how electron flow builds a pH gradient and a description of the compartments in the chloroplast in relation to pH. Also, compare the ETC of the mitochondrion with the ETC of the light reactions for both the source and destination for electrons. B.) Would ATP biosynthesis happen if ionophores, which would create holes in the thylakoid membrane and allow uncontrolled passage of charged molecules such as protons between compartments, are provided to the chloroplast? Why or why not? C.) How would you modify Complex I of the electron transport chain to decrease ATP yield from Step 3 of β-oxidation? As part of this, you must explain why there is a difference in ATP yield between NADH and FADH 2 AND give a specific change to the ETC that would decrease ATP yield from Step 3Plants have evolved by developing mechanisms that promote entry of CO, into the Calvin Cycle (CC) to limit photorespiration when environmental conditions tend to favor the latter. This is because photorespiration 1) is energetically inefficient (consuming more ATP than the CC alone) and 2) it does not produce any sugars that can be "fed" into cellular respiration to produce lots more ATP. A) Under what environmental conditions does photorespiration "outcompete" that of the CC? Specifically, what mechanism is responsible for committing the cell to photorespiration and what type of plant does not have any "safeguards" to ensure that the CC is performed rather than photorespiration? B) Describe the mechanisms employed by two types of plants to minimize photorespiration and ensure that the CC is carried out even when environmental conditions are not in their favor. Be sure to identify 1) the type of plant, 2) its natural environment and how it affects the plant's ability to perform the CC,…
- What is the advantage of having an extensive set of thylakoid membranes in the chloroplasts?In cyclic photophosphorylation in photosystem I, ATP is produced, even though water is not split. Explain how the process takes place.Where is the electrochemical gradient located in the chloroplast? Why is it important? Why are the Light Independent Reactions important? Name the 3 stages of the Calvin Cycle? What is the function of ribulose bisphosphate, RUBISCO, glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate in the Calvin Cycle? How much energy is utilized? What is Carbon Fixation? What is Photorespiration? Why is it wasteful? Why are some plants called C4 plants and why are they important? How have they adapted to unfavorable climatic conditions? How do the activities of C4 plants compare with the activities of CAM plants?