In a mechanical lab, a tensile test was performed on a rod of alloy having an original diameter 22 mm and length 100 mm to fracture. The fractured alloy was elongated to 113 mm and the diameter of the fracture part becomes 18 mm, as shown in Figure 2.1. Figure 2.2 is the stress-strain curve obtained from the test. Given the yield strength (o) value of the alloy is 170 MPa a) Analyse the value of engineering stress, true stress, and safety factor when the rod is loaded with a tensile force of 40 kN. b) Analyse the engineering strain on x, y and z-axis direction for the alloy at this tensile force. c) Calculate the percentage of elongation and percentage ofreduction area of the alloy from the test. d) Referring to Figure 2.2, name and explain the deformation type in Region I and Region II. State the observation on the alloy when the maximum engineering stress is applied. Le- 100 mm D. - 22 mm LI=113 mm Di = 18 mm Before test Sebelum jian) After test [Selepas jian) Figure 2.1 (Rejeh 2.11
Design Against Fluctuating Loads
Machine elements are subjected to varieties of loads, some components are subjected to static loads, while some machine components are subjected to fluctuating loads, whose load magnitude tends to fluctuate. The components of a machine, when rotating at a high speed, are subjected to a high degree of load, which fluctuates from a high value to a low value. For the machine elements under the action of static loads, static failure theories are applied to know the safe and hazardous working conditions and regions. However, most of the machine elements are subjected to variable or fluctuating stresses, due to the nature of load that fluctuates from high magnitude to low magnitude. Also, the nature of the loads is repetitive. For instance, shafts, bearings, cams and followers, and so on.
Design Against Fluctuating Load
Stress is defined as force per unit area. When there is localization of huge stresses in mechanical components, due to irregularities present in components and sudden changes in cross-section is known as stress concentration. For example, groves, keyways, screw threads, oil holes, splines etc. are irregularities.
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