In a certain variety of tomatoes, for one gene, the allele for purple (A) is completely dominant to the allele for red (a) color. For another independent gene, the allele for bursting (B) is completely dominant to the allele for remaining intact (b) when ripe. A plant of genotype Aa Bb is crossed with a plant of genotype AA Bb. The progeny resulted in the following numbers of observed phenotypes: 60 purple, intact
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- An experiment in chicken breeding results in offspring having very curly, slightly curly, or normal feathers. If this is the result of a single gene system, then the proportions of offspring in the three phenotypes should be 0.25, 0.50, and 0.25 respectively. In one such experiment, 93 chickens were born. 20 had normal feathers, 50 had slightly curly feathers, and 23 had very curly feathers. Carry out a test to determine whether the genetic model seems to hold in this setting.Suppose a birth defect has a recessive form of inheritance.In a study population, the recessive gene (a) initially has aprevalence of 25%. A subject has the birth defect if bothmaternal and paternal genes are of type a. A further study finds that after 10 generations (≈200 years)a lot of inbreeding has taken place in the population. Twosubpopulations (populations A and B), consisting of 30%and 70% of the general population, respectively, haveformed. Within population A, prevalence of the recessivegene is 40%, whereas in population B it is 10%. Suppose that a baby is born with a birth defect,but the baby’s ancestry is unknown. What is the posteriorprobability that the baby will have both parents from population A, both parents from population B, or mixed ancestry,respectively? (Hint: Use Bayes’ rule.)A particular article reported the accompanying data on phenotypes resulting from crossing tall cut-leaf tomatoes with dwarf potato-leaf tomatoes. There are four possible phenotypes: (1) tall cut-leaf, (2) tall potato-leaf, (3) dwarf cut-leaf, and (4) dwarf potato-leaf. Mendel's laws of inheritance imply that ?1 = 9/16, ?2 = 3/16, ?3 = 3/16, and ?4 = 1/16. Are the data from this experiment consistent with Mendel's laws? Use a 0.01 significance level. (Use 2 decimal places.) Phenotype 1 2 3 4 Frequency 926 287 294 103 ?2 = P-value interval A p < 0.0010 B .001 ≤ p < 0.01 C 0.01 ≤ p < 0.05 D 0.05 ≤ p < 0.10 E p ≥ 0.10
- In a study of chromosomal anomalies observed in a randomly selected sample of 1200 infertile men with either a zero or low sperm count, a team of researchers assigned the value of 1 for the presence of any chromosomal anomaly in the subject's sperm and the value of 0 for the absence of all chromosomal anomalies in the subject's sperm.Of the 600 men with zero sperm count, 48 had chromosomal anomalies. Of the 600 men with low sperm count, 15 had chromosomal anomalies. The researchers would like to test the hypothesesHo: P1 = P2Ha: P1 does not equal P2where p₁ the true proportion of all men with zero sperm count that have chromosomal anomalies and p₂ = the true proportion of all men with low sperm count that have chromosomal anomalies.What is the z standardized test statistic, for this test?Suppose we are interested in the risk of peripheral neuropathy among persons with diabetes. To study this relationship, we identify 100 persons with a history of diabetes. At an initial examination, three of those 100 persons were found to have peripheral neuropathy. Five years later, the group was reexamined and 12 additional persons were found to have peripheral neuropathy. Based on that information, which of the following is closest to the five- year risk of peripheral neuropathy in this group of patients? А. О.03 В. О.07 С. О.12 D. 0.15 E. 0.17A crop researcher investigated the phenotypes that resulted from crossing two different types of cucumber plants. There are 4 possible resulting phenotypes (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 in the data table below). Mendel's laws of genetic inheritance ('the model') suggest that the proportions should be 9/16, 3/16, 3/16 and 1/16 for phenotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. The classification of a sample of 1400 observations is given below together with the proportions suggested by Mendel's laws of inheritance (the model). Give the degrees of freedom that would be used in a test of whether or not the crossing results in a population that follows Mendel's laws of inheritance. Degrees of freedom =
- The Stanford University Heart Transplant Study was conducted to determine whether an experimental heart transplant program increased lifespan. Each patient entering the program was officially designated a heart transplant candidate, meaning that he was gravely ill and might benefit from a new heart. Patients were randomly assigned into a treatment and control groups. Patients in the treatment group received a transplant and those in the control group did not. The table below displays how many patients survived and died in each group. control treatment alive 4 24 dead 30 45 Explain why we cannot construct a confidence interval or a hypothesis test (hint: consider the conditions).In birds, wingspan is determined by two genes, one with complete dominance of one allele over theother, one with additive effects. Birds with genotype aabb has 16 cm long wingspan, whereas those with AABB has 20 cm long wingspan. A cross between AABB and aabb parents produced F1 with19cm wingspan. Crossing the F1s produced F2 with the following phenotypes (in cm): 20.0 19.6 18.3 20.0 19.1 18.7 18.2 17.316.0 19.2 17.8 18.4 19.3 19.5 20.0 19.7 NOTE: write the formula and the final answer a. Mean of the data b. Variance of the data c. Standard deviation d. According to these data, which wingspans are within one standard deviation of the mean?Researchers suspect that drinking tea might enhance the production of interferon gamma, a molecule that helps the immune system fight bacteria, viruses, and tumors. A recent study involved 20 healthy people who did not normally drink tea or coffee. Ten of the participants were randomly assigned to drink five cups of tea a day, while 10 were asked to drink the same amount of coffee. After two weeks, blood samples were exposed to an antigen and production of interferon gamma were measured. The results are shown in the following table: Теа: 55 17 54 49 10 46 21 14 53 Coffee: 16 12 20 52 37 15 22 30 3 Let X ~ N(ux,o3) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink tea and observations for the ten participants who drink tea are a random sample from X. Let Y ~ N(uy,o) be the interferon gamma production for participants who drink coffee and observations for the ten participants who drink coffee are a random sample from Y. Some R output that may help. > p1 qnorm(p1) [1] -2.326…
- The genetic origin and properties of maize (modern-day corn) was investigated in Economic Botany (Jan.–Mar. 1995). Seeds from maize ears carry either single spikelets or paired spikelets, but not both. Progeny tests on approximately 600 maize ears revealed the following information. Forty percent of all seeds carry single spikelets, and 60% carry paired spikelets. A seed with single spikelets will produce maize ears with single spikelets 29% of the time and paired spikelets 71% of the time. A seed with paired spikelets will produce maize ears with single spikelets 26% of the time and paired spikelets 74% of the time. Assume two maize ear seeds are randomly selected. The probability that one of them produce ears with paired spikelets and the other one produce ears with single spikelets is Select one: 0.198016 0.7975 None 0.728 0.272 1A crop researcher investigated the phenotypes that resulted from crossing two different types of cucumber plants. There are 4 possible resulting phenotypes (numbered 1, 2, 3, 4 in the data table below). Mendel's laws of genetic inheritance ('the model') suggest that the proportions should be 9/16, 3/16, 3/16 and 1/16 for phenotypes 1, 2, 3, 4 respectively. The classification of a sample of 1400 observations is given below together with the proportions suggested by Mendel's laws of inheritance (the model) Give the degrees of freedom that would be used in a test of whether or not the crossing results in a population that follows Mendel's laws of inheritance. Degrees of freedom = The test is carried out at significance level α = 0.05 using the method described in the lecture notes. If the decision is to not reject the null hypothesis, what is the appropriate conclusion for the test? Select the appropriate conclusion from the list below. There is sufficient evidence at α = 0.05 that…An educational psychologist is interested in whether using a child’s own name in a story affected attention span while reading. Six children were randomly assigned to read a story under ordinary conditions (using common and generic names). Five other children read versions of the same story, but with each child’s ownname substituted for one of the children in the story. The researcher measured the amount of time (in minutes) each child spent reading the story. The results are shown in the following table. Does including the child’s namemake any difference in attention span? Test the hypothesis at an alpha set to .05, following these steps: a) write the null and alternative hypotheses; b) determine the critical value(s); c) draw the comparison distribution with rejection region(s) shaded; d)use the correct formula to compute the test statistic; e) state the statistical decision; f) state a brief conclusion.