Imagine that you are working as a postdoctoral researcher in a laboratory that studies how heartlipid metabolism in rats varies during the onset of type 2 diabetes. As part of your work, you arecharacterizing how the activities of three different types of acyl CoA dehydrogenase (ACAD)change with disease progression. The three ACAD types are long chain ACAD (LCAD),medium chain ACAD (MCAD) and short chain ACAD (SCAD). At the end of an ACADpurification protocol, that started with purified rat heart mitochondria, you collect the proteineluting from each of five separate peaks from a high-resolution anion exchange chromatographycolumn. One of these peaks is likely to be mitochondrial LCAD, another is mito MCAD while athird is mito SCAD.1. How would you obtain initial rate data from an ACAD activity assay? Describe an assay,describe how it works, provide an example of the expected raw data and explain how you obtainthe initial rates. What are the units of the initial rates?

Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) play key roles in the mitochondrial catabolism of fatty acids and…

Answered: Imagine that you are working as a…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK, figure below)catalyzes first committed (rate-limiting) step in hepatic gluconeogenesis, namely the reversible decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and carbon dioxide. This reaction can occur using either ATP or GTP as a source of the phosphate.Which following mutation can potentially improve the binding affinity of the substrate for this enzyme? a. LYS254ARG b. LYS254ASP c. ARG333GLU d. THR255GLY
Complete the following description of the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex by using words provided. Not all words will be used. Each word will be used only one time. 5 Three enzymes of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex work together to catalyze the production of Acetyl CoA from Pyruvate. First, a 2-carbon unit composed of Carbons # Pyruvate are added to the co-enzyme and whereas Carbon # of leaves as CO» The C-2 unit together with the co-enzyme is called transferred to the 2nd co-enzyme 11 12 The C-2 unit is then which is initially in its state. The enzyme that catalyzes this step is From here, the C-2 unit is transferred to form a linkage with CoA-SH to generate Acetyl COA Oxidized Hydroxyethyl TPP Phosphodiester Reduced Hydroxypropiony! TPP Lipoamide E-1 NADH 3 Dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase Thioester 2 HydroxyacetyITPp Dihydropipoyl Transacetylase Type the words in the correct order separated by commas. Example: 1, 3, E-1, Thioester, Lipoamide ...
In the figures below, observe the biosynthesis of scopolamine and its intermediates. THE scopolamine is formed by the fusion of two biosynthetic pathways. One derived from L-ornithine and the other from L-phenylalanine. In the bold rectangles are the respective key enzymes that catalyze each of the biosynthesis steps. Scopolamine is a competitive, non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist drug acetylcholine receptor antagonist (mACHR) giving rise to important pharmacological effects, such as by example antispasmodic action in the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: 13) Briefly explain, in text, the reactions necessary for the biosynthesis of scopolamine from the litorine.
64 An investigator is studying the mechanism of action of an insulin-sensitizing drug. The addition of the drug to cultured mouse hepatocytes is observed, and results show increased phosphorylation and inhibition of acetyl-CoA carboxylase Which of the following processes is most likely inhibited by this action of the drug? A) Fatty acid oxidation B) Fatty acid synthesis C) Glycogen synthesis D) Glycolysis E) Protein synthesis
For each of the following proteins describe how the protein function would be altered (or not) in the following scenarios: A receptor tyrosine kinase that always dimerizes even in the absence of ligand 3-ketoacyl-CoA transferase (SCOT) that is expressed in the liver. CPT1 that doesn’t have a malonyl binding site 4. acylCoA dehydrogenase with complex V inhibited
If glucagon binds to the liver cell, what is the expected regulation of the bifunctional enzyme phosphofructokinase-2/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase and how would the levels of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate be impacted?
Insulin resistance, as occurs in type 2 diabetes, may lead to increased ketone production and release into blood. Describe the biochemistry that links insulin resistance and ketone production. Compare the cellular energy (e.g. ATP) required and produced when glycogen is synthesize and hydrolyzed, respectively. Compare and contrast the mechanism of fatty acid synthase with translation. When young rats are placed on a totally fat acid free diet, they grow poorly, develop a scaly dermatitis, lose hair, and soon die these symptoms that can be prevented if plant material is included in the diet. Why?
For each of the following examples, indicate whether the drug is acting on physical process, chemical process or enzymatic system (your answer should be only; Physical, Chemical or Enzymatic). A. A drug is used as an antidote in lead poisoning and acts by binding to lead particles in body (chelation therapy). B. A drug acts to reduce flatulence and acts by reducing the surface tension of intestinal gas bubbles in the GI tract (e.g. Simethicone). C. A drug competes with alpha-glucosidase in intestine to reduce glucose conversion from disaccharides (e.g. Acarbose).
Strategies for regulating the central pathways in carbohydrate metabolism vary among different cells in one organism and among organisms. Slight changes in the regulation of enzymes in central metabolism can effectively re-route metabolite traffic through these pathways, just like a small mutation in PFK-1 can convert a healthy cell into a cancerous one. For instance, Gillaspera mold uses an alternative strategy for regulation the TCA and glycolysis. Gillaspera contains a unique isocitrate dehydrogenase that has an allosteric site for citrate. High citrate inhibits isocitrate dehydrogenase in this organism. Gillaspera also lacks a citrate binding site on PFK-1, so this variant of the enzyme is not affected by citrate concentrations at all. Gillaspera lacks the enzymes ethanol dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase and no carbons are lost in its unique fermentation product. Would high glucose in these organisms lead to production of carbon dioxide from glucose catabolism?…
Fourteen NADPH molecules are required to produce one molecules of palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. Substantiate this statement by referring to the enzymatic activities involved in reduction steps during fatty acid synthesis and the number of cycles required to produce palmitic acid from acetyl CoA. How many molecules of ATP is required for the synthesis of palmitic acid from cytosolic acetyl-CoA?
In the figures below, observe the biosynthesis of scopolamine and its intermediates. THE scopolamine is formed by the fusion of two biosynthetic pathways. One derived from L-ornithine and the other from L-phenylalanine. In the bold rectangles are the respective key enzymes that catalyze each of the biosynthesis steps. Scopolamine is a competitive, non-selective muscarinic receptor antagonist drug acetylcholine receptor antagonist (mACHR) giving rise to important pharmacological effects, such as by example antispasmodic action in the gastrointestinal tract. Answer: 4) Ornithine and phenylalanine belong to which chemical class of natural products? 5) What is the role of the PMT enzyme (step 2)? 6) Explain in detail how the intramolecular reaction takes place to close the N Methylpyrroline ring (step 4).
A patient who has been drinking large amounts of alcohol for long periods of time shows thefollowing symptoms: apathy, loss of memory, and a rhythmical to-and-fro motion of the eyeballs.Which of the following reactions are most likely to be affected in the patient? A. Conversation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA B. Conversation of a-ketoglutarate to succinyl-CoA C. Both A and B D. Neither A nor B

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