If the reflectivity coefficient of the laser mirrors is (0.999 & 0.95) and the sum of the losses for one cycle is (0.696), calculate the effective mean gain?
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- A planar optical waveguide of length = 5 cm is fabricated in an epitaxial layer of GaAs that has an n-type doping concentration of 1×10¹8/cm³. (a) What is ratio to the input power of the total power lost over the length of the waveguide that results from free-carrier absorption? (b) What is the answer to part (a) if the doping concentration is reduced to 1x10¹6/cm³?9.1. Consider the results for ideal gases derived from quantum mechanics. Write an expression for the function s(T, v) that includes the parameter A(T). (a) Show that the behavior of the entropy as T0 is unrealistic in a quantum sense. What approximation in the derivation is responsible for this behavior? (b) The Sackur-Tetrode equation is valid when the thermal de Broglie wave- length is much less than the average molecular separation distance, A(T) < (V/N)13, which is generally the case at high temperatures. Calculate the temperature at which this inequality is first violated for an ideal gas at atmospheric pressure and with a mass of 6.6 × 10-26 kg/molecule (which is typical of argon). x7.7 The measured thermal conductivity of germanium at 300°K is 0.63 W/°K, in a range where acoustic phonon scattering dominates. (a) What fraction of this thermal conductivity is caused by free electrons if the free-electron density is 1017 cm-³ and the electron mobility is 4x 10 cm2/V-sec? (b) What must the concentration of free electrons in germanium at 300°K be in order for the electronic contribution to the thermal conductivity to be equal to the lattice contribution? (c) The thermoelectric power corresponding to (a) is measured to be 0.46 mV/°K. How far below the conduction-band edge does the Fermi level lie?
- Question 3: 3.1 Find values of the intrinsic carrier concentration n for silicon at -55°C, 0°C, 20°C, 75°C, and 125°C. At each temperature, what fraction of the atoms is ionized? Recall that a silicon crystal has approximately 5 x 10²2 atoms/cm³.Needs Complete solution with 100 % accuracy.The following (Attached image) is an external quantum efficiency of a CZTS solar cell with structure Glass/Mo/CZTS/CdS/AZO/Ag. The ideal QE curve would be a rectangle (red curve). The experimental QE is much less than the ideal one because of losses at different regions outlined 1, 2, 3 and 4. Please explain what are those losses.