Human genome-wide genetic association (GWAS) studies have identified several genetic polymorphisms that contribute to HIV control, and the rate of disease progression to AIDS. Which two immune cell subsets are implicated by these data as important regulators of HIV replication and the rate of disease progression?

Q: Some pathogenic microorganisms encode proteins, such as the Staphylococcus Protein A, that bind to…

A: Microorganisms are those small organisms that are invisible to the normal naked eye and can be seen…

Q: Explain the multifaceted role of interferons as first responders to viral infection: What types of…

A: Introduction: - interferons usually belongs to the glycoproteins of low molecular weight. These…

Q: Why is it important that cell surface markers be similar when transplanting donor tissue into a…

A: Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing is used to match patients and donors for organ transplants. Our…

Q: Notice the dotted line for a CD4 count of 200. Why is that level important?   A This is the point…

A: HIV and CD4 Count HIV -  human immunodeficiency virus causes Acquired immune deficiency syndrome…

Q: Explain the following statement: "Both bacteria and viruses can use similar mechanisms to evade the…

A: The immune system is the bodys defense against pathogens such as bacteria & viruses. Bacteria…

Q: Each immunoglobulin (Ig) domain is composed of a structure known as a ‘b-sandwich,’ which consists…

A: The five fundamental classes of immunoglobulins occur IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD and IgE. These are…

Q: What are three roles played by the Fc domain of an antibody?

A: Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four…

Q: Which of the following is part of the T-cell clonal deletion process? a) T-cells are eliminated if…

A: T cell clonal deletion means deletion of B & T cells through the process of Apoptosis ( program…

Q: 33) During maturation, B cells expand their endoplasmic reticulum. What is the function of this?" A)…

A: What is the role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)? ER is a single membrane folded structure linked…

Q: TCRs versus antibodies, the overall domain organization of the TCR is not the same as for an…

A: Antibodies bind to a different types of antigenic shapes while TCRs only recognise  antigenic…

Q: The extensive polymorphism of MHC genes in the population is thought to represent an evolutionary…

A: (b) Much better at recognizing rare pathogens not encountered by most individuals in that…

Q: Three major cell types, dendritic cells, macrophages, and B cells, present peptides bound to MHC…

A: In the human body, the resistance against the entry of any foreign particle or antigens is executed…

Q: Human immune system     a) Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are conserved…

A: The objective of the question is to determine which of the given statements about the human immune…

Q: Explain how site-specific recombination of the κ light-chain gene increases antibody diversity.

A: The immune system of the body is responsible for protecting an individual against the attack of…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: Which of the following result do you expect to see from your experiment, and what problem you may…

A: Immunity is the term used for the ability of our body to fight against pathogens. Immunity is of two…

Q: Where is the CD4 receptor?  What is it’s role in the immune response? (provide details – innate vs…

A: The human immune system is made up of the ancient innate immune system that originated from…

Q: B-cell development in the bone marrow is an inherently wasteful process. Nearly half of the pro-B…

A: B cells are a type of white blood cell that are vital to the immune system. They are produced in the…

Q: Can a mouse infected with Bacillus anthracis generate antibodies against the S-layer? How do you…

A: Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax, is a bacterium that has a number of virulence…

Q: Can S-layer proteins be detected by immunolabelling when a capsule is present? How do you know? I…

A: The above text is a scientific research article detailing a study on the capsulation and S-layer…

Q: The T-cell receptor gene segments are arranged in a similar pattern to immunoglobulin gene segments…

A: Whereas both B cells and T cells play a role in eliciting an immune system response, the primary…

Q: Surprisingly, humans as well as mice deficient in the complement protein, C3, have greatly reduced…

A: The immune system is the body’s defense mechanism against infections and invading pathogens and…

Q: Drug-resistant TB can be acquired via sequential mutations in the pathogen’s genome, or via…

A: Bacteria can reach to large numbers by growing and multiplying quickly. During bacterial…

Q: How does HIV virus bind to human cells? What is the function of the CCR5 receptor during HIV…

A: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) binds to human cells through a specific interaction between viral…

Q: Which of the following is false when considering the CCR5Δ32 mutation? a) The mutation prevents the…

A: A mutation occurs when the sequence of DNA changes. Mutations can occur as a result of DNA copying…

Q: What recent advancements in hematology research have shed light on the role of non-coding RNA…

A: Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins, but perform a…

Q: 1) 286 individuals were newly diagnosed with Human Immunodeficiency Virus in 2018 in Minnesota. Of…

A: HIV uses a complex series of steps to deliver its genome into the host cell cytoplasm whereas at the…

Q: Explain why transplanting skin graft from the black mouse to white mouse results in rejection (A)…

A: A skin graft transplant involves taking skin from one area of the body (or a donor) and…

Q: Multiple mechanisms contribute to create a wide diversity in MHC protein expression between…

A: Biological macromolecules are those large molecules that are necessary for the survival and growth…

Genomics

Genes are responsible for transmitting the characters located on the chromosomes from one individual to another across the generations. Genetics is the study of different genes that are involved in different functions. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies genes, genetic diversity, and heredity in living organisms. The genetic system consists of genetic notations, which is a system of signs and symbols. Genotype refers to the organism's genetic composition, and phenotype refers to the observable property of the organism.