Hello, I need help with answering number 2 a, b, c, & d using the diagram below. Pls & thank you! 2. a) A famous experiment used the chemicals found in the early atmosphere of the earth and added energy from electrical sparks to show that the beaker accumulated the building blocks of life (the monomers, such as amino acids). Is it also important to show that the early earth was able to polymerize these building blocks of life into chains of monomers (polymerization with chemical bonds between monomers)? Why? 2. b) If nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme? 2. c) In addition to a molecule that can both store information and serve as an enzyme, early cells needed a phospholipid membrane. Is it likely that these “bubbles” evolved independently and then surrounded a set of ribozymes to make the first cell? Or do you believe that the ribozymes (RNA acting like an enzyme) were able to construct these “bubbles” of empty space surrounded by a lipid bilayer as a “home” for the ribozymes? 2. d) What do you know about the ecology of the first cells that might suggest that we should look for similar cells among the bacteria and archaeans that currently live in extreme environments (such as salt mines, hydrothermal vents, deep in caves, etc.)? Photos refe

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)

11th Edition

ISBN:9780134580999

Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn

Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...

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Hello, I need help with answering number 2 a, b, c, & d using the diagram below. Pls & thank you! 2. a) A famous experiment used the chemicals found in the early atmosphere of the earth and added energy from electrical sparks to show that the beaker accumulated the building blocks of life (the monomers, such as amino acids). Is it also important to show that the early earth was able to polymerize these building blocks of life into chains of monomers (polymerization with chemical bonds between monomers)? Why? 2. b) If nitrogenous bases (A, G, C, T or U) could polymerize to chains of nucleotides, could this eventually form the structure shown in the figure above? Would an RNA structure that can act as an enzyme, such as the one shown above, have been the result of chemical evolution with competition between replicating RNA molecules? Or was it likely the first RNA molecule that arose from a chain of nitrogenous bases could immediately act as an enzyme? 2. c) In addition to a molecule that can both store information and serve as an enzyme, early cells needed a phospholipid membrane. Is it likely that these “bubbles” evolved independently and then surrounded a set of ribozymes to make the first cell? Or do you believe that the ribozymes (RNA acting like an enzyme) were able to construct these “bubbles” of empty space surrounded by a lipid bilayer as a “home” for the ribozymes? 2. d) What do you know about the ecology of the first cells that might suggest that we should look for similar cells among the bacteria and archaeans that currently live in extreme environments (such as salt mines, hydrothermal vents, deep in caves, etc.)? Photos reference: Futuyma, D. J., & Kirkpatrick, M. (2017). Chapter 17 The History of Life. In Evolution (4th ed., pp. 430-467). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates.

FIGURE 17.2 Sequence and structure of the catalytic RNA, a ligase, that evolved
in a simple laborafory system. The oligonucleotide substrate, shown in blue at left,
includes residues that bind to the RNA ligase as shown, as well as a nonbinding loop.
Mutations that oCcurred during the experiment are indicated in red. The mutations
that were critical for enhanced function are enclosed in boxes. (After [69].)

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