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Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Scientists are always looking for efficient and cost saving sources of enzymes that can be used for industrial purposes. Industries often screen organisms for their enzymatic activity in an effort to find useful enzymes. The table below illustrates two fungi and their novel enzymes that have numerous applications in paper, pulp and textile industries

Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Scientists are always looking for efficient and cost saving sources of enzymes that can be used for industrial purposes. Industries often screen organisms for their enzymatic activity in an effort to find useful enzymes. The table below illustrates two fungi and their novel enzymes that have numerous applications in paper, pulp and textile industries

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
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Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Scientists are always looking for efficient and cost saving sources of enzymes that can be used for industrial purposes. Industries often screen organisms for their enzymatic activity in an effort to find useful enzymes. The table below illustrates two fungi and their novel enzymes that have numerous applications in paper, pulp and textile industries. Fungus Enzyme Function Breaks down complex carbohydrates called xylans into individual sugars called xylose. Breaks down starch into individual Leptosphaerulina chartanum Xylanolyase (Enzyme X) Penicilium oxalicum Glucoamylase (Enzyme G) sugars of glucose. (Raferance: Xu et al. Biotechnol Biotueis (2016) 9:216 and Wu et al. PLOS One (2013) a (9 Enzymes X and G were isolated from their respective fungi and their activity was measured at various pH to determine which pH conditions were ideal for industrial applications. The data is shown in the table below. 1. Draw a line graph to represent the data. Compare the two enzymes. % Activity of % Activity of Xylanolyase Glucoamylase (Enzyme X) pH (Enzyme G) 3 34 70 4 46 92 98 85 6 41 75 22 65 2. If the industry wanted to use both enzymes under one pH condition which pH should they adjust their production system to so that they can maximize the action of both enzymes? 1
Transcribed Image Text:Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. Scientists are always looking for efficient and cost saving sources of enzymes that can be used for industrial purposes. Industries often screen organisms for their enzymatic activity in an effort to find useful enzymes. The table below illustrates two fungi and their novel enzymes that have numerous applications in paper, pulp and textile industries. Fungus Enzyme Function Breaks down complex carbohydrates called xylans into individual sugars called xylose. Breaks down starch into individual Leptosphaerulina chartanum Xylanolyase (Enzyme X) Penicilium oxalicum Glucoamylase (Enzyme G) sugars of glucose. (Raferance: Xu et al. Biotechnol Biotueis (2016) 9:216 and Wu et al. PLOS One (2013) a (9 Enzymes X and G were isolated from their respective fungi and their activity was measured at various pH to determine which pH conditions were ideal for industrial applications. The data is shown in the table below. 1. Draw a line graph to represent the data. Compare the two enzymes. % Activity of % Activity of Xylanolyase Glucoamylase (Enzyme X) pH (Enzyme G) 3 34 70 4 46 92 98 85 6 41 75 22 65 2. If the industry wanted to use both enzymes under one pH condition which pH should they adjust their production system to so that they can maximize the action of both enzymes? 1
3. Proteins are important for numerous functions in a cell and their activity/function is dependent on their structure. Each protein folds into its respective structure and ionic bonds between lons in side chains of proteins drives protein folding as shown by the oppositely charged ions in the figure below. Protein • Draw a picture similar to the one shown above to show what will happen to such interactions when the pH increases. Show how this impacts protein structure. (Hint: Is the hydrogen lon concentration high or low? Note that hydrogen ions can be added or lost into molecules depending on the pH and that the NH, is affected in this case.) • Draw a picture similar to the one shown above to show what will happen to such interactions when the pH decreases. Show how this impacts protein structure, (Hint: is the hydrogen ion concentration high or low? Note that hydrogen ions can be added or lost into molecules depending on the pH and that the COO is affected in this case.) • What other type of bond can impact protein folding? 4. Look back at the graph you drew for Q1 and based on your answers for Q3 state how enzyme X and enzyme Gare different from each other such that they are differently impacted by pH.
Transcribed Image Text:3. Proteins are important for numerous functions in a cell and their activity/function is dependent on their structure. Each protein folds into its respective structure and ionic bonds between lons in side chains of proteins drives protein folding as shown by the oppositely charged ions in the figure below. Protein • Draw a picture similar to the one shown above to show what will happen to such interactions when the pH increases. Show how this impacts protein structure. (Hint: Is the hydrogen lon concentration high or low? Note that hydrogen ions can be added or lost into molecules depending on the pH and that the NH, is affected in this case.) • Draw a picture similar to the one shown above to show what will happen to such interactions when the pH decreases. Show how this impacts protein structure, (Hint: is the hydrogen ion concentration high or low? Note that hydrogen ions can be added or lost into molecules depending on the pH and that the COO is affected in this case.) • What other type of bond can impact protein folding? 4. Look back at the graph you drew for Q1 and based on your answers for Q3 state how enzyme X and enzyme Gare different from each other such that they are differently impacted by pH.
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  • Proteins are important for numerous functions in a cell and their activity is dependent on their structure.

 

  • The pH also impacts the protein structure.
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