3. Drug clearance is important process to eliminate drugs from the body. а. What is the difference between zero-order and first-order elimination kinetics? b. Renal clearance is a major elimination route for drugs. Explain the effect on the plasma level of a drug under the influence of a renal secretion blocker.
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- 3) A female patient who weighs 60 kg has been admitted to hospital. She is prescribed an intravenous infusion of drug X at a dose of 2 micrograms / kg / minute. Drug X needs to be given as a 4 mg/ml solution. At what rate (in ml/hour) should the infusion be set for this patient?4. Mr F, a 30 year old man, has been prescribed ipratropium bromide nebuliser solution 250 mcg/mL at a dose of 500 mcg four times a day. You dispense 40 x 2 mL vials of ipratropium nebuliser solution. How many days treatment will the quantity of vials dispensed provide for Mr F?4 What is drug cumulative effect in renal failure ?
- 21. which of the following could be a cause of nocturnal enuresis? a. insensitivity to adh b. insensitive to anp c. oversecretion of aldosterone d. heightened expression of aquaporins16. Describe the activity and function of the sodium-potassium pump. Define symport and antiport systems and state which system the sodium-potassium pump falls within.38. The secretion of organic anions------------------. A. is driven by the sodium gradient established by the basolateral membrane Na+ /K+ pump B. They are taken from the blood into the tubule cells in exchange for di/tricarboxylates. C. they are removed across apical membrane via anions antiporter D. all of the above E. None of the above
- 4. A patient shows up at the hospital with a low blood pH and high levels of CO2 and HCO3-. A) These values indicate what condition? B) Identify and explain one reason why this condition could occur. C) Explain what the kidneys are doing to compensate for this condition.7. Compare the mechanisms and effects of loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs (angiotensin II receptor blockers).Describe how the Renin- Angiotensin axis that regulates the concentration of urine be altered due to Covid-19 viral infection.
- 14. Calculate the order of heparin you will administer. Order: Heparin 17,000 units subcut daily. Available: Heparin labeled 20, 000 units per mL. Answer:3. The renal clearances and plasma protein binding of three drugs in a 70 kg adult are as follows: Renal Clearance (ml/min) % bound to plasma proteins Drug Theophylline Phenytoin 50 90 Cefonicid 98 10 0.15 20 If GFR is 120 ml/min and urine flow is 1.5 ml/min, what is the likely involvement of filtration, secretion and reabsorption in the renal excretion of each of these drugs? Answers: 1a. 0.114, c. 51.8 L/hr, d. 5.4 L/hr, e. 46.4 L/hr, f. 67.2 L/hr, g. 454 L/hr 2a. theophylline filtered and reabsorbed; phenytoin filtered and reabsorbed; cefonicid filtered and secreted1. Functions of the Urinary System A. Kidneys regulate blood levels of several ions, most importantly (Na+), (K+), _(Ca2+), _(Cl-), and _(HPO42-). B. Kidneys regulate blood pH by secretion of and reabsorption of C. Kidneys regulate blood volume by conserving or eliminating D. Kidneys regulate blood pressure by secreting the enzyme which activates the RAA pathway that increases blood pressure. E. Kidneys help maintain a relatively constant blood osmolarity of F. Kidneys produce _mOsm/liter. (active vitamin D) and - the hormone that stimulates RBC production. G. Kidneys can use glutamine (amino acid) to synthesize H. Kidneys excrete wastes such as from deamination of amino acids, from catabolism of hemoglobin, from breakdown of creatine phosphate, and from catabolism of nucleic acids. 2. Matching: Kidney A. Superficial, light red region of the kidney – contains portions of the nephron such as the corpuscle and convoluted tubules. Renal hilum B. Deeper, dark reddish-brown region of the…