Give examples of how mutations in signaling proteins can result in cancer
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A: Answer
Give examples of how mutations in signaling proteins can result in cancer
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- A tumor cannot grow to be very large without the development of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) to provide access to oxygen and nutrients. During the 1990s, it was discovered that Factor X stimulates the proliferation and migration of the cells that form blood vessels, thereby inducing the formation of new blood vessels. Factor X binds to specific receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) on the cell surface and causes the RTKs to dimerize and become active, initiating an intracellular signaling cascade that stimulates cell division and inhibits apoptosis. Many cancer cells secrete high levels of Factor X, and increased Factor X expression in a tumor is correlated with a poor medical outcome for the patient. Some evidence suggests that blocking Factor X-dependent signaling may prevent the formation of new blood vessels and lead to the death of immature blood vessels without disturbing mature blood vessels. You work for a biotechnology company that seeks to create anticancer drugs that…Chemotherapeutic agents can promote apoptosis in cancer cells by these mechanisms except; Group of answer choices Downregulating MCL1 expression Increasing BCL-2 expression Increased p53 expression Increased BIM (BH-3) expressionWe have studied Ras signal transduction pathway. In an experiment, two different mutations were produced using different chemicals. The proteins with mutation are listed below. State what will be the effect of each mutation and explain whether it will result in cell proliferation or not. GEF protein GTPase
- Describe the common signal transduction event that is perturbed by cancer-promoting mutations in the genes encoding RAS and NF-1. Why are mutations in RAS more commonly found in cancers than mutations in NF-1?Explain the importance of the termination of cell signaling, and ways this can be accomplishedgive the basics of a disease and its relationship to a faulty signal transduction pathway. Describe some of these diseases in the table below:
- The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activates a complex signaling network to increase expression of several genes and promote cell proliferation as shown in the figure below. EGF Active EGFR Inactive EGFR Inactive EGFR P- EP Inactive Ras-GDP Ras-GTP Active Raf -P NUCLEUS МЕК-F МАРК-Р Active МАРК-P C-myc gene transcribed CYTOPLASM Cell proliferation Which of the following scenarios would result in decreased expression of the c-myc gene? Select all that apply A homozygous mutation of the EGFR gene resulting in a deletion of the ligand binding domain A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to exchange GDP for GTP A homozygous mutation of the ras gene so that Ras protein was not able to hydrolyze GTP for GDP A homozygous mutation of the MAPK gene so that MAPK protein was always in a phosphorylated stateGenistein is a compound found in soybeans that is known to increase the expression of a protein called Bax in certain breast cancer cells. Outside of Cell Toxins TNF DNA Damage Tradd TraF2 p53 Fadd Bax Caspases Bd-2 IKB NF-KB Apoptosis Inside of Cell Based on the above diagram, would you expect ingestion of soybeans to promote, suppress or have no effect on the progression of breast cancer cells. Suppress progression of breast cancer cells Have no effect on progression of breast cancer cells Promote progression of breast cancer cells TNFRExplain how mutations in oncogenes and in tumor suppressorgenes cause cancer.
