Formalize the following arguments and verify whether they are valid. Please indicate which propositinal law or rule of infernce you are implementing: a. “If Carlo won the competition, then either Mario came second, or Sergio came third. Sergio didn’t come third. Thus, if Mario didn’t come second, then Carlo didn’t win the competition.” b. “If Carlo won the competition, then either Mario came second, or Sergio came third. Mario didn’t come second. Thus, if Carlo won the competition, then Sergio didn’t come third.” c. “If Carlo won the competition, then Mario came second, and Sergio came third. Mario didn’t come second. Thus, Carlo didn’t win the competition.”

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Inference in AI

The inference is finding a conclusion or result based on any data, events, and any information. Usually, there will be a set of conditions and the conclusion is made, which satisfies all the given conditions are true. The conclusion is made according to the inference rules. Any artificial intelligence agent or an intelligent system uses the inference engine to find a better result or output. The work of the inference engine is to analyze the fact and figures based on all circumstances. After the analysis, the machine concludes this fact and gives it to the agent. The agent uses this conclusion for further processing and decision-making. Intelligent systems will generate new logic from existing ones based on the facts.