For items 6-13 use the problem set below. A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group, 298 women developed breast cancer. 6. What is the risk of breast
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For items 6-13 use the problem set below.
A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development
of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group, 298 women developed breast cancer.
6. What is the risk of breast cancer in the exposed group?
A. 4.65% B. 4.66% C. 6.63% D. 6.65%
7. What is the risk of breast cancer in the unexposed group?
A. 4.65% B. 4.66% C. 6.63% D. 6.65%
8. What is the overall risk of breast cancer?
A. 4.64% B. 5.63% C. 5.64% D. 6.63%
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- A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group 298 women developed breast cancer. 9. What is the computed relative risk for breast cancer developed among estrogen users?A. 0.591 B. 0.613 C. 0.702 D. 0.833 Property of and for the exclusive use of SLU. Reproduction, storing in a retrieval system, distributing, uploading or posting online, or transmitting in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise of any part of this document, without the prior written permission of SLU, is strictlyprohibited. 210. What is the most appropriate scale of measurement to be used based on the given problem set?A. Risk ratioB. Odds ratioC. Absolute riskD. Cumulative incidence11. How many…A cohort study looks at the relationship between estrogen use and the risk of breast cancer. A total of 4555 estrogen users and 4495 nonusers are enrolled in the study and followed up for 15 years for the development of breast cancer. In the estrogen-using group, 212 women developed breast cancer, and in the non-using group 298 women developed breast cancer. 12. How many were unexposed and not diseased?A. 4555 B. 4495 C. 4197 D. 434313. Which of the following interpretation is TRUE based on the results obtained?A. Use of estrogen increases the risk of developing breast cancerB. Use of estrogen is a protective factor to developing breast cancerC. Use of estrogen is a risk to unexposed groupD. Use of estrogen is not associated with breast cancerA case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between physical activity and coronary heart disease (CHD) in men. A total of 406 men newly diagnosed with CHD were included together with 406 men of similar ages who did not have CHD. The risk of CHD (measured by the OR) was higher among men who were inactive or only moderately active (collectively called ‘inactive’) than among those who were physically active: (See attached image) Odds ratio for inactive men compared to active men= (299 x 136)/(270 x 107)=1.41Suppose there is no misclassification in these data.What would the observed OR have been... 1. If 20% of all the inactive men had been misclassified as active? 2. If 10 % of inactive cases had been misclassified as active?
- Investigators interested in understanding the relationship between mammography and breast cancer-specific mortality determine the age-adjusted mortality rates for breast cancer in each of the 50 states, as well as the percentage of women in each state who adhere to the U.S. Preventive Services guidelines for screening mammography. What type of study is this? Retrospective cohort study Ecologic study O Prospective cohort study O Case control study Cross-sectional studyIn a cohort study on HRT and breast cancer, the incidence of breast cancer among those who used HRT is 20 per 1,000, and the incidence among those who did not use HRT is 1 per 1,000. The incidence of breast cancer among those who used HRT that can be attributed to HRT is ___ per 1,000. In a cohort study on HRT and breast cancer, the incidence of breast cancer among those who used HRT is 20 per 1,000, and the incidence among those who did not use HRT is 1 per 1,000. The incidence of breast cancer among those who used HRT that can be attributed to HRT is ___ per 1,000. 8 9 20 19Make a Drug study in the following scenario Rose is a 25 year old G2 P1 on her 39th week of pregnancy. Rose came in the labor room at 8:00 am on active labor. Vital signs : BP- 120/ 85 , Pulse = 85, RR 25 Temperature = 37.2 C,. Fundic height = 37 cm. Nurse Mark had done the vaginal exam and showed 4 cm cervical dilatation. Fetal heart beat taken by Doppler was 156 beats / min. CTG was ordered and Rose was attached to the machine, Tracing showed several decelerations at each contraction, At 12 noon, Nurse Mark checked the vital signs and recorded the following : BP= 135/85, pulse 90 , RR = 25 Temperature 37.4 C, IE = 8 cm dilatation,. While Nurse Mark was preparing Rose for delivery, Dr. Ben the Obstetrician ,came and reminded the nurse to prepare standby 10 units of syntocinon to be incorporated in 500 ml of D5 LR post delivery. The Physician likewise ordered a standby 50 mg of Tramadol IM and this will be given after delivery. After 30 mins, Bag of water burst and a…
- A 30 year old G2P1 (1001) seeks consult at the Obstetric Unit. A non-stress test is requested by her On-Gynecologist. While performing the non-stress test, the nurse told the mother the test showed Baseline EHT 140% good variability, with more than 2 accelerations of 20 bom lasting for 20 secs. The mother asked what this means. The tracing is interpreted by the nurse as which at the following? A. REACTIVE B. INCONCLUSIVE C. POSITIVE D. NON-REACTIVE E. NEGATIVEA cohort study was conducted to investigate the association between alcohol consumption and bladder cancer. The study population includes 200 men in Community X who were aged 55-69 years at baseline. All subjects completed a self-administered questionnaire which includes common risk factors for cancer including alcohol consumption patterns. Subjects were followed up for 6 years through record linkage to cancer registries. Table 1 shows the data gathered at the end of the follow-up period. Calculate the ff: Risk differencePopulation attributable fractionAttributable numberA case-control study was conducted to examine the risk factors for HPV infection among OB/GYN clinic patients. The researcher hypothesized that women with HPV cases will report a greater number of multiple sexual partners compared to controls. The existing literature indicates that cases (women with HPV infection) without delay tend to recall and report accurate information about their sexual partners. On the other hand, recall and report of accurate information about multiple sexual partners among controls may not be as clear. (1) Define the direction and the type of biases in the following examples. Choose only one answer for each question. This is study is liable to the following bias: a) Confounding b) Selection Bias c) Information Bias (2) The relationship between HPV infection and the number of sexual partners is likely to be:a) Can go either direction b) Under-estimated c) Over-stimated (3) The following are examples of bias except: a) Confounding…
- A nurse is collecting data during a prenatal visit. What two (2) questions would be asked to identify maternal drug abstinence? 2. A nurse is reinforcing teaching with a pregnant client who is diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia and has been prescribed iron supplements. List a statement if made by the client would indicate an understanding of the teaching. 3. A nurse is caring for a newborn with hyperbilirubinemia who has been prescribed phototherapy. Identify three (3) interventions the nurse should institute for this client?Explain the advanatges and disadvantages of savior baby therapy and what are the three main ethical concerns ?You are interested in the effectiveness of two different treatments in increasing the number of socially appropriate comments. You want to compare Treatment 1 and Treatment 2. You realize that the people enrolled in Treatment 1 and Treatment 2 have the same average posttreatment scores (average = 5 socially appropriate comments per session). Based on this histogram, what can you learn about the amount of variability in how effective these two treatments are? Frequency (# people) 10 9 8 O 0 P 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Number of socially appropriate comments Treatment 1 Treatment 2 O Treatment 2 is more consistently effective across individuals (that is, a smaller SD). Treatment 1 is more consistently effective across individuals (that is, a smaller SD). Treatment 1 is more consistently effective across individuals (that is, a larger SD). Treatment 2 is more consistently effective across individuals (that is, a larger SD).