One biochemical strategy of many living organisms is the stepwise oxidation of organic compounds to CO₂ and H₂O and theconservation of a major part of the energy thus produced in the form of ATP. It is important to be able to recognize oxidation-reduction processes in metabolism.Reduction of an organic molecule results from the hydrogenation of a double bond (Eqn 1) or of a single bond withaccompanying cleavage (Eqn 2). Conversely, oxidation results from dehydrogenation. In biochemical redox reactions, thecoenzymes NAD and FAD dehydrogenate/hydrogenate organic molecules in the presence of the proper enzymes.CH₂ CH + H-HAcetaldehydeHreduction=(Q=FoxidationLCH₂-C +H+ +H-HAcetatereductionoxidationreductionoxidationCH₂-CCH₂-HH+O-HreductionoxidationCH₂-C-HEthanolCH, C-H+ oHAcetaldehyde(1) For each of the metabolic transformations (a) through (d), determine whether the compound on the left has undergone oxidationor reduction. Balance each transformation by inserting H-H and, where necessary, H₂O.(a) Reaction type(b) Reaction type(c) Reaction type(d) Reaction typeCH₂-OHMethanolOH-C-HFormaldehyde0=C=0Carbon dioxideOH OHCH₂-CHGlycerate0+ H+OH-C-HFormaldehydeHOFormate=UFormate+H*+ H+OHOHICH₂-C-1HGlyceraldehydeHAnswer Bankoxidation+H-H+ 2H-H+ 3H-Hreduction+ H₂O+2H₂O+ 3H₂O

The biological oxidation-reduction (redox) reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one…

Answered: For each of the metabolic…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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[AktivGrid] Draw the product of the reaction of isocitrate catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase in the TCA (citric acid) cycle. Provide the structure in the protonation state found in physiological conditions. 9 H-C-OH 800- -H CH₂ ° Coo of NAD+ dehydrogen isocitrate ase NADH, H*, Drawing CO2
Balance the reactions. A hint is provided to help you decide if the reaction will proceed as written, ie from left to right. Do not leave any fractions. 1. a) Balance Al₂O3 → Al + 0₂ b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: O₂ is very reactive) 2. a) Balance HNO3 + AI → b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: aluminum is a reactive metal, and a gas escapes) C7H14 + 0₂ 3. a) Balance, leave no fractions b) What type of reaction is this? c) Is this a redox rx, yes / no ? d) The reaction will go from left to right, yes / no ? (hint: O₂ is very reactive) H2(g) + AI(NO3)3 → CO₂ + H₂O
a) 2-Hydroxy-carboxylic acids in the citric acid cycle and in glycolysis (3 answers): b) how do the ring systems in tryptophan (indole ring) and in histidine (imidazole ring) fulfill the Hückel rule? c) How does the aromatic state affect the basicity of the ring nitrogens?
b. Choose all true statements for enzymes below A) All enzymes are made up of amino acids. B) Enzymes can increase the equilibrium constant for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or more. C) Enzymes can increase the reaction rate for a given reaction by a thousand-fold or more. D) Their catalytic activity is independent of pH. E) They are generally equally active on R and S enantiomers of a given substrate. F) To be effective, enzymes must be present at the same concentration as their substrate. G) Enzyme activity is usually increased in the presence of denaturants like SDS and urea. H) Catalytic rate of enzymes cannot exceed what is dictated by the diffusion limit.
Glucose CO,+X (a) State the name of the process represented by this equation, (b) Name compound X. (c) Explain why energy produced in the above process is stored in form of ATP. uocle cells
In the Enzyme Commission database system, an enzyme with the designation 4.3.2.1 would catalyze which reaction below? Select one: O a. The conversion of an alcohol to an aldehyde O b. The conversion of an alcohol to a phosphate O c. The conversion of an alcohol to an ether o d. The conversion of an alcohol to an alkene A buffer molecule is protonated at pH 9. Adding this buffer to a reaction greatly increases the rate of reaction at pH 9.0. What is true about the reaction? Select one: O a. The buffer is a specific base Ob. It is catalyzed by acid OC. It is catalyzed by base o d. The buffer is a specific acid
Write a balanced equation for the complete metabolic oxidation of each of the following. Include O, ADP, and P; as reactants and ATP, CO, and H;0 as products. (a) Stearic acid (b) Oleic acid (c) Palmitic acid (d) Linoleic acid
B only
5) A certain aerobic organism is able to metabolize the following glycolipid: "CH,OH OH HO OH A. Draw the 2 resulting structures that would occur upon initial hydrolysis of the O-glycosidic bond. B. Calculate how much ATP is formed upon complete aerobic oxidation of one mole of the compound. Assume that no ATP is produced when one mole of the glycosidic bond in the above compound is hydrolyzed. Show calculation below.
The following questions are based on the reaction A+ B ↔ C+D shown in Figure 8.1. 1. Which of the following terms best describes the progress of the reaction with respect to free energy change? a) endergonic, ∆G> 0 b) exergonic, ∆G> 0 c) exergonic, ∆G< 0 d) endergonic, ∆G< 0 2. Which of the following in Figure 8.1 remains unchanged by having an enzyme included? a) b b) d c) a d) c 3. The part labeled “C” on the above graph represents a) Energy of activation without enzyme b) Energy of activation with enzyme c) Amount of free energy released d) amount of energy required for the reaction progress
draw all the structures of the tribasic amino acid lysine involved in the equilibrium reactions that would take place during titration against NaOH, starting with the fully protonated form below (draw the R-group in full). H;N+- CH - COOH (CH2)4 NH3+

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