Glucose CO,+X (a) State the name of the procesS represented by this equation, (b) Name compound X. (c) Explain why energy produced in the above process is stored in form of ATP.
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- O2 is a competitive inhibitor of the hydrogenase enzyme that catalyzes the conversion between protons & electrons and H2. The inhibition by O2 is irreversible, permanently destroying the enzymatic activity.(a) Describe the relevant reactions that take place when a hydrogenase catalyzes H2 production in the presence of O2.(b) Derive the rate equation for v as a function of [E], [H+] and [O2], assuming that the electron concentration/delivery is not rate-limiting.Catalane in un enzyme that speeds up the decomposition ot hydrogen peroxide H0) to waler and axvgen. Students conducted two investigationa to determine the ideal conditions for the function of catalane. One wetigation compared catalase activity at diferent values of pH. The other imvestigation compared catalane activity al diferent temperatures. Enayme Activity ve pH Enzyme Aetivity vs Temperature Teate C) According to the data in the graphs, which pH and temperature combination provides the BEST conditions for catalase to tunction? Anury lag aIn another key reaction in glycolysis, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)is isomerized into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GAP): Because ΔG°′ is positive, the equilibrium lies to the left.(a) Calculate the equilibrium constant and the equilibrium fraction of GAPfrom the above, at 37 °C.(b) In the cell, depletion of GAP makes the reaction proceed. What will ΔGbe if the concentration of GAP is always kept at 1/100 of the concentrationof DHAP?
- ..a) Draw all of the reactions that occur in the aerobic metabolism of glucose that hydrolyze a thiolester bond. In your answer, include complete structural formulae as well as the names of any cofactors, enzymes, reactants and products. b) Explain why the free energy changes that characterize these reactions are so exergonic. Include a figure in your answer. ( c) If you were to completely catabolize 3 molecules of glucose under aerobic conditions, what would the ATP yield be as a result of the reactions that you've drawn above?At steady state,[Es} stays the same although substrate concentraion is steadily decreasing and product concentraion is increasing .how do you explain this?Crystals of phosphorylase a grown in the presence of glucose shatter when a substrate such as glucose 1- phosphate is added. Why?
- Write balanced chemical equations for each of the following: (a) anaerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of sucrose, cleaved initially by sucrose phosphorylase; (b) aerobic glycolysis of 1 mole of maltose; (c) fermentation of one glucose residue in starch to ethanol, with the initial cleavage involving a-amylase.A 75 kg person doing light work requires about 3000 kcal of food energy perday, 40% of which is actually used by the body’s cells. (The other 60% is lostas heat and in waste products.) Before being used by the cells, effectively allof this energy is stored in ATP, which is then cleaved into ADP and PO3−2 , with the release of 12.5 kcal per mole of ATP.(a) How many moles of ATP are turned over per day in this fashion? Whatmass of ATP does this correspond to? (The molecular weight of ATP is507 g/mol.)(b) The body actually contains approximately 5 g ATP. Estimate the averagerecycle time for an ATP molecule. You see that it is much more efficientto reuse ADP rather than to synthesize it de novo (from scratch).The phosphorylation of glucose to glucose 1-phosphate requires 5.0 kcal/mol of energy. This unfavorable reaction can be driven by the hydrolysis of ATP to ADP. (a) Write the equation for the coupled reaction. (b) How much energy is released in the coupled reaction? glucose + HPO4---------->2– glucose 1-phosphate + H2O
- In living cells, one mole of glucose undergoes a complete oxidation.(a). How many moles of ATP equivalents can be produced when one mole ofglucose is completely oxidized?(b). Indicate at which reaction steps are the ATP equivalents produced,directly or indirectly.Describe the chemical reaction о glycolysis.In the Electron Transport Chain:(a). What are the two nucleotide molecules that are involved in funneling the electrons into the chain?(b). Indicate all the reactions (in the pathways) that are involved in the transfer of the electrons to these two nucleotides.