For a direct-mapped cache design with a 32-bit address, the following bits of the address are used to access the cache. We assume that each word has 4 bytes.  What is the ratio between total bits required for such a cache implementation over the data storage bits?

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Properties of different architectures

Software architectures are the blueprint of a software system. They consist of all components involved in a system, relations between various components, the environment of operation, and the principle used in designing the software. In other words, software architecture shows the organization of different software structures and helps understand their behavior.