Explain what is meant by the coupling of transcription and translation in bacteria. Does coupling occur in bacterial and/or eukaryotic cells? Explain.
Bacterial Genomics
The study of the morphological, physiological, and evolutionary aspects of the bacterial genome is referred to as bacterial genomics. This subdisciplinary field aids in understanding how genes are assembled into genomes. Further, bacterial or microbial genomics has helped researchers in understanding the pathogenicity of bacteria and other microbes.
Transformation Experiment in Bacteria
In the discovery of genetic material, the experiment conducted by Frederick Griffith on Streptococcus pneumonia proved to be a stepping stone.
Plasmids and Vectors
The DNA molecule that exists in a circular shape and is smaller in size which is capable of its replication is called Plasmids. In other words, it is called extra-chromosomal plasmid DNA. Vectors are the molecule which is capable of carrying genetic material which can be transferred into another cell and further carry out replication and expression. Plasmids can act as vectors.
Explain what is meant by the coupling of transcription and translation in bacteria. Does coupling occur in bacterial and/or eukaryotic cells? Explain.
Transcription is a process of the formation of RNA from DNA. This DNA is further responsible for the production of proteins. This process is known as translation. A prokaryotic cell refers to the type of cell whose nucleus does not have any nuclear membrane. The nucleus' content is scattered within the cytoplasm, and eukaryotes have well-defined nuclear membrane which separates the nucleus content from the cell's cytoplasmic content.
A couple of reactions of transcription and translation in bacteria is a phenomenon in which expression of a gene is controlled by the production of messenger RNA and affected by the process of protein formation simultaneously. As the bacterial cell does not have a specified nuclear membrane, this is the reason that their DNA is scattered with the cytoplasmic content. In the bacteria, once the RNA is transcribed, it is simultaneously translated; this results in RNA polymerase association, an enzyme that initiates the transcription with the ribosome of cytoplasm, which helps in translation. This coupling between the RNA polymerase and ribosome causes some variations in the messenger RNA structure and affects its availability for occurring in the two events. This coupling is responsible for averting the termination of transcription.
The prokaryotic organism does not have a nuclear membrane. Their nuclear content is present in the cytoplasm. This is the reason transcription and translation processes are coupled with each other in them. In contrast, in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus. For translation, messenger RNA is required to move in the cytoplasm to be associated with ribosomes for protein formation.
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