All translation begin at free ribosomes in the cytosol, yet all secreted proteins are translocated into the ER. What is the one molecule that is responsible for targeting co-translationally translocated proteins to the ER and what are the three events that this molecule mediates between translational initiation and insertion into the ER?

Q: How is the mRNA strand altered during mRNA processing (the intermediate step between transcription…

A: DNA is the genetic material of individuals which undergoes replication, then forms RNA through the…

Q: Why and how does an antisense oligonucleotide functionally inactivate an mRNA for use in translation…

A: Antisense RNA (asRNA), also referred to as antisense transcript,natural antisense transcript or…

Q: Explain the Eukaryotic translation initiation complex?

A: The last step of the central dogma of molecular biology is the translation and it is characterized…

Q: Protein X is a soluble, secreted protein. It has an N-terminal ER import sequence that allows it to…

A: The proteins residing in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are translated on membrane-associated…

Q: Explain why energy is NOT needed for co-translational translocation but IS needed for…

A: Protein translocation can be defined as the process by which peptides are transported across the…

Q: A certain ochre suppressor inserts glutamine in response to the ochre codon. What is the most likely…

A: In this scenario, where a suppressor mutation allows the insertion of glutamine instead of…

Q: The tRNA molecule carries EIF2 and GTP and binds the small ribosomal subunit at the P site in the…

A: During the process of translation which is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA translation…

Q: What is post-translational modification? Describe two specific post-translational modifications and…

A: The translation is the process in which proteins are synthesized via mRNA. The process of…

Q: Actinomycin D inhibits DNA-dependent RNA synthesis. This antibiotic is added to a bacterial culture…

A: Antibiotics are isolated from microorganisms (bacteria). They use antibiotics to inhibits the growth…

Q: transcription and translation. What

A: Transcription is the process of copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule and…

Q: Name two similarities and two differences between the cellular processes of importing protien into…

A: A plasma membrane allows various molecules that a cell requires to pass through. Transport proteins…

Q: A certain membrane protein is found on the ER membrane with the N-terminus on the ER side of the…

A: This question is about the orientation of a particular membrane protein within the endoplasmic…

Q: The following enzyme has an exact integer number of turns. What is the length and amount of amino…

A: Enzyme are usually composed of proteins while some enzymes are ribozymes (RNA enzymes). Proteins are…

Q: Order the following choices to indicate the sequence of steps in the process of elongation of a…

A: The following are necessary for prokaryote polypeptide synthesis to begin: mRNA, the 30S ribosome…

Q: How do siRNAs and miRNAs target specific mRNAs for degradation or for the repression of translation?

A: MicroRNAs or miRNAs are a group of small (about 22 nucleotides) noncoding RNAs that participate in…

Q: What are the three stages of translation? Discuss the main events that occur during these three…

A: A protein is an important functional biomolecule. The process of synthesis of protein from a…

Q: Where in a eukaryotic cell does the molecular product of transcription (Eukaryotic Transcription) go…

A: In a eukaryotic cell, transcription occurs in the nucleus, and translation occurs at ribosomes in…

Q: What are the differences of initation, elongation and termination of transcription and translation…

A: The central dogma of biology explains the flow of information from genes to protein by two…

Q: Explain how plasma membrane proteins that start to be translated in the cytosol are then targeted to…

A: Many proteins that are destined to be part of the plasma membrane are initially synthesized in the…

Q: Why can translation begin before transcription is complete in prokaryotes, but not eukaryotes?

A: Transcription and translation are two different processes that are essential for cellular…

Q: How do eukaryotic cells ensure the start codon of the mRNA is positioned properly during translation…

A: The initiation of protein synthesis consists in the recruitment of a ribosome initiator tRNA complex…

Genomics

Genes are responsible for transmitting the characters located on the chromosomes from one individual to another across the generations. Genetics is the study of different genes that are involved in different functions. Genetics is a branch of biology that studies genes, genetic diversity, and heredity in living organisms. The genetic system consists of genetic notations, which is a system of signs and symbols. Genotype refers to the organism's genetic composition, and phenotype refers to the observable property of the organism.