• Explain how granzymes and perforin are used by natural killer cells to attack virus-infected cells.

Q: What is HAART in the treatment of HIV infection? What are the targets of the drugs that are…

A: HIV( human immunodeficiency virus) causes AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) in humans. It is…

Q: Patient 1 Patient 2 Months of therapy Months 100 of therapy 20 16 11 11 1 2 50 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10…

A: The given graph is of resistance of HIV with respect to concentration of AZT over time.

Q: Compare the differences and similarities between the resistance mechanisms in insects and in…

A: Xenobiotics are the drugs that are used to target the bacteria as well as insects. For example…

Q: Summarize the functions of cytokines, chemokines, and otherinflammatorymediators.

A: Inflammatory response is observed in case of any traumatic event in the tissue that attempts to…

Q: Fat-soluble signaling molecules cross the cell membrane; but they affect only the target cells…

A: Answer: FAT SOLUBLE MOLECULES are those molecules which cannot be stored within a cell , they prefer…

Q: Immune cells such as dendritic cells can receive signals from the microbiome and: if the microbiome…

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: Explain the role of phagocytic cells in wound healing.

A: Phagocytic cells are a type of cell that engulfs and destroys foreign particles or pathogens. These…

Q: • In what ways does the classical pathway of complementactivation differ from the mannose-binding…

A: The complement system is also known as complement cascade and is a part of innate immune system. The…

Q: Some natural products are too toxic to be useful as a drug but have nonetheless been developed to…

A: Uncontrolled cell division results in the development of cancer. As these have enormous capacity to…

Q: Explain synthetic lethality.

A: Synthetic lethality is a condition which arises when a combination of deficiencies in the expression…

Q: Which of the following is not a property of an antimicrobialagent?(a) Must have a favorable…

A: Antimicrobial agent, any of a huge assortment of substance mixes and actual agents that are utilized…

Q: Mrs. Anderson, a 45-year-old woman with a history of chronic back pain, has been taking X as…

A: Pharmacoepidemiology plays a critical part in observing the safety of pharmaceutical products,…

Q: The drug vincristine, which prevents polymerization of tubulin, is used as a chemotherapeutic agent…

A: Mechanism of actions of drug vincristine in cancer treatment.

Q: What is not true regarding drug delivery uptake? Most nanoparticles enter cells through endocytosis…

A: The foreign body response is a type of inflammatory response that occurs when the body's immune…

Q: Which statement among A-D is false regarding bacterial toxins? A) O Hemolysins are cell membrane…

A: Toxins refer to poisonous substances that include a class of small molecules and proteins, which are…

Q: Explain lysogenic conversion and discuss it’s importance. *keep it short*

A: Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that lives inside a host cell. It can undergo lytic…

Q: Which statement regarding the use of rocuronium is true? Don't copy  A) It has more rapid onset…

A: We know that Neuromuscular blockers are the drugs that have the ability to block the activity of…

Q: Can host-cell defense molecules be mobilized by drugs to fight infection?

A: Defense mechanism in a human body is divided into two main categories: Innate (the defense mechanism…

Q: The following is/are possible outcome(s) arising from a defect in the function of calnexin is: O A.…

A: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest, single membrane bound intracellular compartment. It is an…

Q: What prevents the toxin component of TA modules from killingthe cell under normal conditions?

A: Toxins are proteinaceous molecules produced by prokaryotes in response to external stress. These…

Q: How could cyclosporine be used to treat autoimmune disease? be sure to explain you're reasoning

A: Answer- Cyclosporine works by weakening our immune system. White blood cells, part of our immune…

Q: What is the effect of pertussis toxin on G proteins?     Inhibits activation of Gαi leading to…

A: The GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) is one of the very important cell signalling molecule. It is a…

Q: MBS crosslinker contains aromatic ring in the spacer. discuss if this ring structure helps stabilize…

A: The presence of an aromatic ring in the spacer of a maleimide-based crosslinker can indeed…

Q: What specific cell type is increased in response to a diverse microbiome, that seems to help prevent…

A: Immune system is system which helps our body to fight against the foreign substances which will…

Q: Hello! Compare the mechanisms of resistance in bacteria and insects to different xenobiotics? Thank…

A: Xenobiotics are chemicals that are not an intrinsic part of an organism or that are not naturally…

Q: TLR-4 recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide in association with the host accessory proteins MD-2…

A: TLR is a toll-like receptor. It is a class of pattern recognition molecules that function as a…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.