you need a flu shot every year/season because (HA-haemoagglutinin; NA-neuroaminidase) A) the virus can change its HA and NA every year, so a new shot is needed to teach your immune system how to recognize the changed HA and NA B) flu virus gets rid of its HA and NA and replace them with completely new ones every year C) your immune system weakens after a year-so you have to get another shot to get the system strong enough to attack the virus D)antigen shift occurs every year

Q: Which of the following is NOT a component of the human body's second line of defense against…

A: INTRODUCTION Defense mechanism of human body Defense mechanism has three lines including physical…

Q: A person who has been vaccinated against a disease should have primarily which of these types of…

A: Immunology deals with the study of the immune cells that fight against the invading pathogens in the…

Q: Select all of the following that are functions performed by different antibodies. ( select all the…

A: Antibodies are also known as immunoglobulin (Ig) which are heavy globular proteins. They are…

Q: Why doesn't a long lasting vaccine against common cold exist yet?

A: Common cold is most common viral infection that affect the upper respiratory tract of humans.

Q: Name the different components (a-g) and functions of the Ebola virus shown below. Please write the…

A:

Q: 1) Which line of defense are these immune response components part of? A) Complement: B)…

A: Immune system helps in protection of organism against disease.Immune system helps in detection and…

Q: . Y’s HIV is being managed on a combination drug regimen that includes two nucleoside reverse…

A: NRTIs are one of six classes of antiretroviral drugs used to treat HIV.

Q: Several different subsets of innate lymphoid cells exist, and each is specialized to respond to a…

A: Lymphoid Cells  Lymphatic tissue is a connective tissue consisting of different types of lymphoid…

Q: An autoimmune disease is a condition in which the White Blood Cells of the immune system attack…

A: A defense system in the body of an individual which constitutes a complex network of cells and…

Q: Which, if any, of the following statements is incorrect? a) Each person makes many millions of…

A: Human Leukocyte Antigen is an abbreviation for Human Leukocyte Antigen. HLA antigens are proteins…

Q: Which of these statements about cat scratch disease is false?a) It is a common cause of chronic…

A: Which of these statements about cat scratch disease is false?

Q: Sutures()

A: Sutures are the threads used to repair the wounds, and there are three types of sutures: continuous…

Q: The diagnostic cell in Hodgkin's disease is the:   Question 5 options:   A)…

A: The objective of the question is to identify the specific cell type that is characteristic of…

Q: Alloimmunization may result from which of the following?   Question 44 options:…

A: Alloimmunization, also known as isoimmunization, is a condition where the immune system produces…

Q: Vaccines are substances that confer immunity against________.a) All kind of diseases b) Communicable…

A: Each vaccine contains a small amount of the  germ (virus or bacteria) ,inactivated  or dead or parts…

Q: Which statement about autologous is true?   Question 32 options:   a)  The…

A: Before we can answer the question, we need to understand the terms involved. Autologous refers to…

Q: Which common childhood illness is characterized by a slapped cheek appearance on the face? A)…

A: Childhood illnesses that include a rash as a symptom are fairly common. Fevers, coughs, and unique…

Q: You have a patient who has been injured by a rusty nail. As a precaution, you vaccinate her against…

A: Answer- Tetnus is a disease caused by C. tetani bacteria. It is found in the soil and if it reaches…

Q: ____________ are suspensions of killed or live germs which is employed to induce the production of…

A: Among the given options, option (a) is the most appropriate.It explains that the vaccines are…

Q: Patients who have recently had a bone marrow transplant are extremely susceptible to infection. Why…

A: In the spongy or cancellous regions of bones, bone marrow can be found. It is a semi-solid tissue.…

Q: Which form of acquired immunity is the patient developing by having this infection?   A) Active…

A: Immunity is the ability of the body to fight against the  various microbes & defend the body.…

Q: 1. What phagocytic cells utilize in their membrane to identify phagocytic objects? A) Opsonin…

A: Introduction  Phagocytosis is a process by which certain cells in the body, called phagocytes,…

Q: 1.The passing of antibodies into newborn babies by their mothers is known as: A) active immunity B)…

A: Innate immunity: Everyone is born with innate (or natural) immunity, a type of general protection.…

Q: Describe the ways in which each of the following pathogens can disarm their host’s immune system or…

A: There are a number of different ways of evading or subverting the immune response. These…

Q: Zane, a 26-year-old male, came upon a car accident and immediately started to help the victims, who…

A: When the immune system of an organism starts making immune responses against its own cells, tissues…

Q: A recently emerged virus has been transmitting and mutating rapidly in humans throughout the world.…

A: * Viruses can transmit and replicate faster and can multiply their genome within seconds if host is…

Q: What are the immune responses to viral infections? What is the difference between epidemic and…

A: An epidemic refers to the occurrence of an infectious disease in a population or region that is…

Q: What is meant by autoimmunity? b) Why are chemotherapy drugs sometimes used to treat autoimmune…

A: Autoimmunity is a misguided immunological response that develops when the immune system malfunctions…

Q: Interferons can slow down viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis in in body cells. a.)…

A: Interferons This refers to the natural substance that are involved in helping the body's immune…

Q: Two newly developed vaccine candidates (A and B) are tested in mice for their ability to elicit high…

A: Since you have posted a question with multiple sub-parts, we will solve the first three subparts for…

Q: Explain the rationale for this treatment strategy. Sometimes both booster and antiserum are given at…

A: Tetanus oxide injection is given for person who are at risk for developing tetanus toxoid…

Q: with HIV, explain the mechanism of intracellular infection and the role of reverse transcriptase.…

A: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, specifically CD4+ T…

Q: Please answer all parts, thank you!) 1) Mature red blood cells contain hemoglobin for transporting…

A: Here i discussed about the questions related to virus.

Q: During a routine checkup, a 72-year-old patient is advised to receive an influenza vaccine…

A: Influenza It is a contagious viral infection caused by type A and B influenza viruses.   Clinical…

Q: Which of the following best explains why vaccination of humans against rabies can be delayed until…

A: Rabies is a viral illness that can be deadly in case not treated promptly. Vaccination against…

Q: Why doesn't a vaccine cause a person to get ill?

A: Infectious diseases are diseases caused by a bacterium, virus, fungus or other pathogens.…

Q: Which of the choices is required to activate a helper T cell, which in turn can stimulate antibody…

A: Major histocompatibility complex contains a set of polymorphic genes which codes for cell surface…

Q: Last year 68 year old Juana received her influenza vaccination and two days later she showed all the…

A: Vaccines are biological products that help to stimulate the bodys immune system to build protection…

Q: Rare forms of lymphoma include   Question 7 options:   A)  Hodgkin and…

A: The question is asking to identify the rare forms of lymphoma from the given options.

Q: To date, there is no cure for HIV. Because of this, the will be present in an infected individual…

A: The term "disease" indicates "without ease or comfort." It is defined as the condition of illness in…

Q: Active immunization, as compared to passive, _______. A) only provides short term protection B)…

A: The development of immunity following exposure to an antigen (injected or given orally) is known as…

Q: A student in the immunology class who didn’t enroll in the lab, heard we had been studying IgY. A:…

A: An immune system helps a host to defense against pathogens and make the host safe.

Q: Which of the following is NOT a professional antigen presenting cell (i.e. doesn’t express MHCII)?…

A: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are crucial for viable immune response, as the working of both…

Viral Infections

Viruses are abundantly found, minute entities that have genetic material enclosed within a protein coat. The proteinaceous material enclosing the genetic material of the virus is called a capsid. The genetic material could be either DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) or RNA (ribonucleic acid). A virus is too minute to be looked at with naked eyes and therefore visualized with the help of a microscope. They are acellular entities that require a host for processes, such as replication, transcription, translation and multiplication. Plants, animals, and bacteria act as host wherein the virus reproduce. Viruses cannot multiply outside the host's body and thus are considered nonliving outside the host body.