Summarize the functions of cytokines, chemokines, and otherinflammatorymediators.

Q: Explain how cytotoxic T cells kill target cells.

A: APCs stands for antigen-presenting cells. They are a large group of a variety of cells that trigger…

Q: g Toll-like receptor

A: Macrophages work as innate immune cells through phagocytosis and sterilization of foreign substances…

Q: Describe the role and significance of chemokines released by macrophages and dendritic cells.

A: Pathogens are able to invade the tissues of the host body when they get appropriate growth and…

Q: Define phagocytosis and identify which cells serve this function.

A: Endocytosis is a cellular process in which substances are brought into the cell. The material to be…

Q: Diagram the sequence of events in an antibody-mediated response, including the role of helper T…

A: The immune system is responsible for protecting the body from foreign pathogens. Immune system fight…

Q: Identify and describe important targeted ISGs (interferon-stimulated genes)

A: Interferons stimulated genes are the genes which are stimulated when a particular pathogen specially…

Q: Briefly account for the origins and actions of the major types ofinflammatory mediators and…

A: The immune system acts through various means to protect the body against foreign antigens and…

Q: Describe the primary functions of helper T cells and cytotoxic T cells.

A: The immune system is responsible for clearing any infectious particle from the body by the…

Q: Summary of the role of the innate system in defense against invading pathogens.

A: The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens entering the body.

Q: Classify immune cells as phagocytes, cytotoxic cells or antigen presenting cells

A: Introduction: The lymphoreticular system is responsible for immune response, and it comprises…

Q: Identify the receptors to which interferons bind and explain how their activation affects gene…

A: Interferons (IFN) are cytokines that are essential for mediating immunological response as well as…

Oogenesis

The formation of the ovum (mature female gamete) from undifferentiated germ cells is called oogenesis. This process takes place in the ovaries (female gonads). Oogenesis consists of three stages known as the multiplication phase, growth phase, and maturation phase. 

Cell Division

Cell division involves the formation of new daughter cells from the parent cells. It is a part of the cell cycle that takes place in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Cell division is required for three main reasons: