Describe the kind of study for which these factors can be a problem and explain how they can be a confounding variable in some within-subjects designs.
Time-related factors and other order effects can threaten internal validity for some within-subjects experiments. Describe the kind of study for which these factors can be a problem and explain how they can be a confounding variable in some within-subjects designs.
Imagine you're doing a study where you want to see if listening to music affects people's mood. In this study, you ask each person to listen to happy music first and then sad music afterward.
Now, the problem is that people's mood can change over time even without the music. Maybe they start off happy in the morning and get a bit tired and grumpy as the day goes on. This natural change in mood over time can mess up your study because you won't know if the music or just the passage of time caused the mood change.
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