Deinococcus radiodurans, which the Guinness Book of World Records has dubbed the world’s toughest bacterium, can tolerate doses of ionizing radiation ∼3000-fold greater than those that are lethal to humans (it was fi rst discovered growing in a can of ground meat that had been “sterilized” by radiation). It appears to have several strategies to repair radiation damage to its DNA (which large doses of ionizing radiation fragment to many pieces) including a particularly large number of genes encoding proteins involved in DNA repair and 4 to 10 copies per cell of its genome, which consists of two circular chromosomes and two circular plasmids. Yet, these strategies, alone, do not account for D. radiodurans’ enormously high radiation resistance. However, in an additional strategy, it organizes its multiple identical dsDNA circles into stacks in which, it is thought, the identical genes in the neighboring circles are aligned side by side. How would this latter strategy help D. radiodurans effi ciently repair its fragmented DNA?
Molecular Techniques
Molecular techniques are methods employed in molecular biology, genetics, biochemistry, and biophysics to manipulate and analyze nucleic acids (deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)), protein, and lipids. Techniques in molecular biology are employed to investigate the molecular basis for biological activity. These techniques are used to analyze cellular properties, structures, and chemical reactions, with a focus on how certain molecules regulate cellular reactions and growth.
DNA Fingerprinting and Gel Electrophoresis
The genetic makeup of living organisms is shown by a technique known as DNA fingerprinting. The difference is the satellite region of DNA is shown by this process. Alex Jeffreys has invented the process of DNA fingerprinting in 1985. Any biological samples such as blood, hair, saliva, semen can be used for DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprinting is also known as DNA profiling or molecular fingerprinting.
Molecular Markers
A known DNA sequence or gene sequence is present on a chromosome, and it is associated with a specific trait or character. It is mainly used as a genetic marker of the molecular marker. The first genetic map was done in a fruit fly, using genes as the first marker. In two categories, molecular markers are classified, classical marker and a DNA marker. A molecular marker is also known as a genetic marker.
DNA Sequencing
The most important feature of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecules are nucleotide sequences and the identification of genes and their activities. This the reason why scientists have been working to determine the sequences of pieces of DNA covered under the genomic field. The primary objective of the Human Genome Project was to determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human nuclear genome. DNA sequencing selectively eliminates the introns leading to only exome sequencing that allows proteins coding.
Deinococcus radiodurans, which the Guinness Book of World Records has dubbed the world’s toughest bacterium, can tolerate doses of ionizing radiation ∼3000-fold greater than those that are lethal to humans (it was fi rst discovered growing in a can of ground meat that had been “sterilized” by radiation). It appears to have several strategies to repair radiation damage to its DNA (which large doses of ionizing radiation fragment to many pieces) including a particularly large number of genes encoding proteins involved in DNA repair and 4 to 10 copies per cell of its genome, which consists of two circular chromosomes and two circular plasmids. Yet, these strategies, alone, do not account for D. radiodurans’ enormously high radiation resistance. However, in an additional strategy, it organizes its multiple identical dsDNA circles into stacks in which, it is thought, the identical genes in the neighboring circles are aligned side by side. How would this latter strategy help D. radiodurans effi ciently repair its fragmented DNA?
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