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- Figure 37.11 Pancreatic tumors may cause excess secretion of glucagon. Type I diabetes results from the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin. Which of the following statement about these two conditions is true? A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will have the opposite effects on blood sugar levels. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hyperglycemia. A pancreatic tumor and type I diabetes will both cause hypoglycemia. Both pancreatic tumors and type I diabetes result in the inability of cells to take up glucose.Insulin should be prescribed under all of the following circumstances, except:A. Status post pancreatectomyB. Type 2 diabetes with diabetic foot syndrome C. Type 1 diabetesD. Gestational diabetesE. Type 2 diabetesCriterion for severe course of type 1 diabetes mellitus:A. Proliferative diabetic retinopathyB. KetoacidosisC. DiarrhoeaD. Daily insulin dose within 60-70 UE. Acanthosis nigricans
- Which of the following is not correct for oral hypoglycaemic drugs?A. Stimulation of insulin synthesisB. Reduction of carbohydrate absorptionC. Inhibition of gluconeogenesisD. Stimulation of insulin releaseE. Anorexigenic effectThe hormones insulin and glucagon play an important role in the regulation of plasma glucose. b) People with Type II diabetes mellitus can manage their condition (maintain adequate glycaemic control) through use of oral hypoglycaemic drugs. Provide a rationale for how two hypoglycaemic drugs, with different mechanisms of action, can both work to lower blood glucose levels in Type II diabetes.Name criterion, which is not indicate hypoparathyroidism: A. HypercalcemiaB. HypocalcemiaC. HyperphosphatemiaD. Law level of parathyroid hormone in bloodE. Hypocalceuria
- Discuss the differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes and explain the reasons for the sign/symptoms seen in diabetes. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Type 1 - causes ,incidence Type 2 - cause, incidence Lack of insulin to blood glucose levels rise ( hyperglycaemia e.g. 20mmol/or more); glucose can not move into cells to provide energy for metabolic reactions. Link to symptoms, e.g. tiredness, hunger. Glucose excreted in urine ( exceeds renal threshold). Link to polyuria,thirst,dehydration - protein broken down to form more glucose (gluconeogenesis): provides energy to cells. -Link Fats broken down to FFA and glycerol for glucose production (gluconeogenesis). Link to weight loss. Link excess ketone bodies formed from fat break down to ketoacidosis. Link to ketone in urine (ketonuria), vomiting, coma.Insulin is obligatory in the following states, except:A. Light course of type 2 diabetes mellitusB. Pregnancy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus C. Lactation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusD. Ketoacidosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusE. Surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitusIdentify the statements that are TRUE regarding Glucagon. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY A. Glucagon increases blood glucose levels in the body. B. Glucagon is produced and released by alpha cells in the pancrease. C. Glucagon levels will be reduced after eating or drinking carbs D. Glucagon enhances the metabolic actions of insulin within the cell.
- Neuropathy is a potential complication of diabetes. Why does it occur? Select one: A. Viral infection in the nerves B. Lack of glucose production by the nerves o C. Blockage of blood vessels that supply the nerve fibers O D. Excessive production of glucose by the brain and spinal cord E. Overproduction of ketone bodies by the liver O OExplain the reasons why each of these signs and symptoms happen in Hyperthyroidism and Hypothyroidism. Hyperthyroidism Hypothyroidism Weight loss Weight gain Increases appetite Decreased appetite Increased sensitivity to heat Increased sensitivity to cold Diarrhea Constipation Tachycardia Bradycardia Increased hair and nail growth Hair loss and thin nails Anxiety and irritability Depression Tremors Periorbital puffiness Muscle weakness DeafnessSecretion of PTH is increased by: a. an increase in serum magnesium concentration b. an increase in serum phosphate concentration c. an increase in dietary calcium d. a decrease in dietary calcium e. treatment with thiazide diuretics Hyperparathyroidism results in: a. alkalosis b. hypercalcemia c. hyperphosphatemia d. hypophosphaturia e. hypocalcemia