Chordata (animals with notochord at some stage in life) Vertebrata (chordates with vertebrae and a cranlum) Gnathostomata vertebrates with Jaws Osteichthyes (aony fishes - tetrapods) Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates) Amnlota tetrepods with embryos having extraembryonic membranes) Re ptilla Agnatha - Protochordata Actinopterygl (ray-fnned Urochordata (tunicates) thegfishes, lampreys) Lepidosauria Testudines (izards, snakes Cyclostomata Mammella Sany (turdes) (sausu pauuy-ag01 fishes eIIpos00 Cephalochordata Jancelets) Chondrichthyes (sharks, rays, chimaeras) mammary glends lul with upper and lower temporal fenestra, beta-keratn in epldermis "Ostracoderms" Embryo with amnion Heterocercal -Pelred limbs used for terrestrial locomotion plecold scales, 'uu iepreo Teeth formed Unique supportve elements in skeleton or girdies of appendages ofkeradn snoubejAJe) skeleton Lung or swim bladder dertved from gut bony endoskeleton Jaws, 3 palrs semiciraular canals, pelred appendages, gill flaments lateral to gl support Dermis with bone Distinct head with brain and crenium, paired specdal sense organs, 1 pair semidrcular canais, vertebrae, ectodermal placodes Neurel crest Exdnct group Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pheryngeal silits, postanal tall, endostyle

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Animal Phylogeny

Cladistics is a method of biological classification where organisms are classified based on their ancestors and their relationship with them. It is defined as the concepts and methods for determining the branching patterns of evolution and evolutionary history. Some scientists, however, have preferred the term phylogenetic systematics or phylogenetic taxonomy to emphasize the reliance on a phylogeny for classification. It is the most common and accepted method for classifying organisms.