Cancer 10.14 A 1980 study investigated the relationship between the use of OCs and the development of endometrial cancer [9]. The researchers found that of 117 endometrial-cancer patients, 6 had used the OC Oracon at some time in their lives, whereas 8 of the 395 controls had used this agent. Test for an association between the use of Oracon and the incidence of endometrial cancer, using a two-tailed test.
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- 1.2 Sinusitis and antibiotics. Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period patients were asked if they experienced significant improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summarized below.52 Group Treatment Control Total Self-reported significant improvement in symptoms No 19 16 35 Yes 66 65 131 Total 85 81 166 (a) What percent of patients in the treatment group experienced a significant improvement in symptoms? What percent in the control group? (b) Based on your findings in part (a), which treatment appears to be more effective for sinusitis? (c) Do…Passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has been associated with growth suppression and an increased frequency of respiratory tract infections in normal children. Is this association more pronounced in children with cystic fibrosis? To answer this question, 43 children (18 girls and 25 boys) attending a 2-week summer camp for cystic fibrosis patients were studied (New England Journal of Medicine, Sept. 20, 1990). Among several variables measured were the child's weight percentile (y) and the number of cigarettes smoked per day in the child's home (x). a. For the 18 girls, the coefficient of correlation between y and x was reported as r = –.50. Interpret - this result. b. Refer to part a. The p-value for testing Ho: p = 0 against H;: p # 0 was reported as p = .03. n Interpret this result. c. For the 25 boys, the coefficient of correlation between y and x was reported asr = -.12. Interpret %3D %3D this result. d. Refer to part c. The p-value for testing Ho: p = 0 against Ha: p #…Carter et al investigated the effect of age at onset of bipolar disorder on the course of the illness. One of the variables studied was the subjects' family history. The table below shows the frequency of a family history of mood disorders in the two groups of interest: early age at onset (18years or younger) and later age at onset (later than 18 years old). Can we conclude on the basis of these data that subjects 18 or younger differ from subjects older than 18 with respect to family histories ofmood disorders? Ref: J Psychiatric Research 37(2003), 297-303.
- The 5-year incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in relation to smoking status was determined in a population sample of 1000 men, 18 years and older. At baseline, 30% of the men were classified as being current smokers and 70% as being non-smokers. At the end of the follow-up, 60 CVD events had occurred among the smokers and 70 events among the non-smokers. Construct a 2 x 2 table based on the data provided5.75 Binge drinking. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention finds that 28% of people aged 18 to 24 years binge drank. Those who binge drank averaged 9.3 drinks per episode and 4.2 episodes per month. The study took a sample of over 18,000 people aged 18 to 24 years, so the population proportion of people who binge drank is very close to p = 0.28.23 The administration of your college surveys an SRS of 200 students and finds that 56 binge drink. (a) What is the sample proportion of students at your college who binge drink? (b) If, in fact, the proportion of all students on your campus who binge drink is the same as the national 28%, what is the probability that the proportion in an SRS of 200 students is as large or larger than the result of the administration's sample? (c) A writer for the student paper says that the percent of students who binge brink is higher on your campus than nationally. Write a short letter to the editor explaining why the survey does not support this…A team of epidemiologists at the Mayo Clinic wanted to find whether there is an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They conducted a prospective cohort study following obese and non-obese individuals who were free of CVD at the beginning of study for five years. The investigators were also interested in assessing age as a potential confounder, effect modifier, or both. Use the data below to answer the accompanying questions. CVD No CVD Total Obese 10 90 100 Not Obese 35 465 500 Total 45 555 600 CVD No CVD Total Obese 36 164 200 Not Obese 25 175 200 Total 61 339 400 1. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were less than age 50. 2. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were older or equal to age 50. 3. Compute the crude measure of association? 4. List three attributes that age must satisfy before it could…
- 1.2 Sinusitis and antibiotics, Part I. Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period, patients were asked if they experienced improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summarized below.³ Group Treatment Control Total Self-reported improvement in symptoms Yes 66 65 131 No 19 16 35 Total 85 81 166 (a) What percent of patients in the treatment group experienced improvement in symptoms? (b) What percent experienced improvement in symptoms in the control group? (c) In which group did a higher percentage of patients experience improvement in symptoms? (d)…You are concerned that nausea may be a side effect of Tamiflu, but you cannot just give Tamiflu to patients with the flu and say that nausea is a side effect if people become nauseous. This is because nausea is common for people who have the flu.Past studies state that about 33% of people who get the flu experience nausea. You collected data on 2248 patients who were taking Tamiflu to relieve symtoms of the flu, and found that 810 experienced nausea. You decide to carry out a simulation to test the claim that the percentage of people who take Tamiflu for the relief of flu symtoms and experience nausea is greater than 33%.a) Identify the null and alternative hypotheses.H0H0: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥ H1H1: ? p = p ≠ p < p > p ≤ p ≥ μ = μ ≠ μ < μ > μ ≤ μ ≥1.2 Sinusitis and antibiotics: Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 162 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptomatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period patients were asked if they experienced significant improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summarized below. (please round answers to within one hundredth of a percent) Significant improvement: Yes Significant improvement: No Treatment Control Total 65 55 120 24 18 42 Total 89 73 162 a) What percent of patients in the treatment group experienced a significant improvement in symptoms? 73.03 % b) What percent of patients in the control group experienced a significant…
- A case−control study was performed among 145 subjects with macular degeneration and 34 controls, all of whom were 70- to 79-year-old women. A genetic risk score was developed to help differentiate the cases from the controls. The risk score was categorized into six groups (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6), with 6 being the highest risk and 1 being the lowest risk.The data in Table 10.48 were obtained relating the risk score to case/control status. taBlE 10.48 risk score cases controls 1 3 11 2 7 3 3 6 6 4 10 8 5 11 2 6 108 4 total 145 34 10.139 What test can be performed to study the asso- ciation between case/control status and risk score? Spe- cifically, we are interested in testing whether cases tend to have consistently higher risk scores or consistently lower risk scores than controls.One variety of corn is genetically modified to produce chemicals for defense against predators. The standard corn contains the same standard genotype, but without genetic modification for the chemicals. The two types of corn are then planted in randomly placed adjacent plots across a single field. The amount of predators that are present when the corn has matured are then recorded. The data that was recorded of the predators present among each type are listed. Has genetic alterations decreased the amount of predators for the altered genotype? Normality tests for the populations of both contain a p value less than 0.05. The given alpha is 0.05 Modified Corn (20, 18, 26, 23, 17, 23, 22) Standard Corn (89, 64, 102, 96, 56, 77, 84, 59) use an F test to determine if the variance between the 2 lists are different. Based on this result, state the correct 2 sample parametric test to be used. State the null and alternative. Show calculations while rounding to two decimal points.What is the…One study of cell phones and the risk of brain cancer looked at a group of 469 people who have brain cancer. The investigators then asked about the use of cell phones. Result: “Our data suggest that the use of hand- held cellular phones is not associated with risk of brain cancer. B . Based on this study, can you determine that cellular use does not CAUSE brain cancer? Why or why not?