Calculate the standard free-energy changes of the following metabolically important enzyme- catalyzed reactions at 25°C and pH 7.0 from the equilibrium constants given. aspartate aminotransferase, (a) Glutamate + oxaloacetate aspartate + a-ketoglutarate K' = 6.8 eq triose phosphate isomerase (b) Dihydroxyacetone phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate K'eq = 0.0475 phosphofructokinase (c) Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP K' = 254 eq

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Polymerization Kinetics

Polymerization is a chemical process in which one or more monomers combine to produce a very large chain-like molecule called a polymer. The functional groups present on the monomers and their steric effects are responsible for polymerization through a sequence of reactions that diverge in complexity. There exists a stable covalent chemical bond between monomers that sets apart polymerization from other processes. Polymerization is generally classified into step-growth and chain polymerization. Polymers are categorized into linear polymer and cross-linked polymers that are produced either by condensation or additional polymerization.