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c) explain the functions of thesc enzymes. 3. Stcroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dictary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca" transport protcins in the gut clls. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molecules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nuclcus of a target el; c) explain the function of these molecules in the cytoplasm of the target ell.

c) explain the functions of thesc enzymes. 3. Stcroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dictary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca" transport protcins in the gut clls. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molecules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nuclcus of a target el; c) explain the function of these molecules in the cytoplasm of the target ell.

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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l zain IQ ? 2:39 PM @ 73% < Вack Essential Biochemistry transduction would such changes have? For the answer: draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target eells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes. 3. Steroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dictary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca" transport proteins in the gut cells. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molccules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nucleus of a target cell; c) explain the function of these molccules in the cytoplasm of the target cel. 4. Copy Table 4.1 to your notebooks and fill itin. 214 Chapter 4. Structure and functions of biological membranes. Cell signaling pathways Table 4.1. Adenylyl cyclase and phosphatidylinositol 45-bisphosphate (PIP) signaling pathways Adenylyl syclase syatem Structure and Function hoshal phosphate system An example of the primary messenger Integral membrane protein, complementary binding the primary messenger primary Protein, activating the enzyme of the signaling system System enzyme, foming the secondary messenger(s) Secondary messenger(s) of the system Cytosolic enzyme(s), interacting with the secondary messenger Regulatory mechanisms (specific to the system) of the metabolic enzyme activity Mechanisms of the secondary messenger's concentration decrease in the targeted cell The cause of the membrane enzyme activity decrease (specific to the system) ситет 5. The sense of smell – is one of the possible ways to detect a signal from the environment in animals, including humans. It is now acknowledged that human can detect about 10000 types of smells (odors). Receptors, recciving the seent, can define molccules differed by only one carbon atom or by one functional group. The molecule of an odorous substance - odorant, binds to granule- adsorbent in a mucus composite, covering the olfactory cells in the nasal cavity. Complex odorant-adsorbent interacts with cell membrane receptor. The final part of this signal transduction is the opening of CAMP-dependent Nat-channels in the olfactory cell membrane. This results in excitation olfactory neuron and transduction of action potential via olfactory nerve to the central nervous system. Explain the speeificity of all proteins and non-protein molecules structure, which takes part in the odorant substance transduction. For that: a) copy Fig. 4.17 in your notebook and add the required compounds to the scheme; b) draw a general structure of the membrane receptor, which interacts with the complex odorant-adsorbent, if known that such receptors are analogs to the B,-epinephrine receptors; e) name the protcin, with one of the protomers is being able to move laterally through the membrane and transduce the signal to the membrane enzyme; describe its functions; d) name the enzyme, which in its active form increases the CAMP concentration in the olfactory cell; write down the reaction that is catalyzed by this enzyme; c) make a description of CAMP-dependent Na channels functioning; the 4.4. Signal Transduction by Intracellular Receptors 215
Transcribed Image Text:l zain IQ ? 2:39 PM @ 73% < Вack Essential Biochemistry transduction would such changes have? For the answer: draw the scheme of insulin signal transduction in the target cell; name proteins and enzymes, activated by insulin in the target eells; c) explain the functions of these enzymes. 3. Steroid hormone calcitriol activates an intake of dictary calcium, increasing the amount of Ca" transport proteins in the gut cells. Explain the calcitriol mechanisms of action. For that: a) draw a general scheme of a signal transduction by steroid hormones and explain the process; b) name the molccules, which synthesis is activated by a hormone in the nucleus of a target cell; c) explain the function of these molccules in the cytoplasm of the target cel. 4. Copy Table 4.1 to your notebooks and fill itin. 214 Chapter 4. Structure and functions of biological membranes. Cell signaling pathways Table 4.1. Adenylyl cyclase and phosphatidylinositol 45-bisphosphate (PIP) signaling pathways Adenylyl syclase syatem Structure and Function hoshal phosphate system An example of the primary messenger Integral membrane protein, complementary binding the primary messenger primary Protein, activating the enzyme of the signaling system System enzyme, foming the secondary messenger(s) Secondary messenger(s) of the system Cytosolic enzyme(s), interacting with the secondary messenger Regulatory mechanisms (specific to the system) of the metabolic enzyme activity Mechanisms of the secondary messenger's concentration decrease in the targeted cell The cause of the membrane enzyme activity decrease (specific to the system) ситет 5. The sense of smell – is one of the possible ways to detect a signal from the environment in animals, including humans. It is now acknowledged that human can detect about 10000 types of smells (odors). Receptors, recciving the seent, can define molccules differed by only one carbon atom or by one functional group. The molecule of an odorous substance - odorant, binds to granule- adsorbent in a mucus composite, covering the olfactory cells in the nasal cavity. Complex odorant-adsorbent interacts with cell membrane receptor. The final part of this signal transduction is the opening of CAMP-dependent Nat-channels in the olfactory cell membrane. This results in excitation olfactory neuron and transduction of action potential via olfactory nerve to the central nervous system. Explain the speeificity of all proteins and non-protein molecules structure, which takes part in the odorant substance transduction. For that: a) copy Fig. 4.17 in your notebook and add the required compounds to the scheme; b) draw a general structure of the membrane receptor, which interacts with the complex odorant-adsorbent, if known that such receptors are analogs to the B,-epinephrine receptors; e) name the protcin, with one of the protomers is being able to move laterally through the membrane and transduce the signal to the membrane enzyme; describe its functions; d) name the enzyme, which in its active form increases the CAMP concentration in the olfactory cell; write down the reaction that is catalyzed by this enzyme; c) make a description of CAMP-dependent Na channels functioning; the 4.4. Signal Transduction by Intracellular Receptors 215
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