Buprenorphine is a partial agonist at mu opioid receptors and is used for opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) in patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). Buprenorphine is formulated in a product that contains the mu opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone. What is the purpose of naloxone in this formulation? O To increase the magnitude of response to the partial agonist. O To reduce the likelihood that buprenorphine will be injected intravenously. O To delay the response to buprenorphine. O To provide pain relief to the patient who has OUD.
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- Epilepsy is often treated with a combination of drugs such as carbamazepine and phenytoin (polytherapy). CYP3A4 is induced by phenytoin and carbamazepine. Carbamzeipine is cleared by CYP3A4, but phenytoin is not cleared by CYP3A4. What problems might you expect if (a) carbamazepine is removed or (b) phenytoin is removed from this two-drug regimen.Synthetic opioids are frequently being used for analgesia, i.e. as pain killers. While morphine or other full agonists such as fentanyl are the strongest pain killers available, partial agonists such as nalorphine or pentazocine are being used in applications requiring something intermediate in strength between morphine and basic painkillers such as aspirin. Considering a situation where both morphine and pentazocine are co-administered, select the TRUE statement(s): A. With increasing concentrations of pentazocine, the percent maximal response for morphine can be reduced to the level of pentazocine. B. The dose-response curve for morphine will shift to the right and its shape will not change (parallel rightward shift). C. The dose-response curve for morphine will shift to the left and its shape will not change (parallel leftward shift). D. The maximal efficacy of morphine alone can be exceeded. E. None of the answers here is correct. Please answer asap and type your answer and…Atropine (I) and Ipratropium bromide (II) are both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists. Common side effects of atropine (1) include dizziness, blurred vision, and sedation. With Ipratropium bromide (II) these side effects are much less common. Given the two structures below, what might be the reason for the different side-effect profile of the two drugs? Br HO HO
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