Hello, please read the attached Microbiology question and answer all bullet points correctly. Please do not copy & paste from outside sources. *If you correctly answer the question and its two parts, I will provide a Thumbs Up to you.Thank you. **Briefly answer each bullet point. Thank you.**- What is injected into your body in COVID-19 vaccines such as Pfizer and Moderna?- What “instructions” do COVID-19 vaccines provide our body cells?- Based on the first question (“What is inject...”), how are these COVID-19 vaccines different from the annual flu vaccine?- Briefly describe Katalin Kariko’s contribution to the development of COVID-19 vaccines. Related to this, when did she first begin her work?

COVID-19 is the disease which is a pandemic disease caused by a virus belonging to the coronavirus family called SARS CoV2 in 2019. This pandemic leads to many deaths and since its a novel virus, there is no medicine or vaccine available during its spread hence many companies started research work in the development of vaccines that are highly specific and high in efficacy. The companies like Moderna and Pfizer used the RNA-based vaccine. They made the vaccine by creating the mRNA of the virus in the laboratory which can code the protein part of the virus in a host cell when injected to trigger the immune response. Hence, they injected mRNA in the body in the COVID-19 vaccine. The COVID-19 vaccine provides the instruction to code for the mRNA thus injected and translate it into protein. This viral non-pathogenic protein part then stimulates the cells of our body by letting them recognize the non-self-part of the body and hence generate an immune response. The annual flu vaccines are made by killing or injecting the inactivated viral protein into the host body. In this live attenuated form of the virus is used as a vaccine that can elicit the immune response but will not be pathogenic and not cause disease. In COVID-19 Moderna and Pfizer vaccine, the mRNA is directly injected into the host body as a vaccine and this then guides the cells to translate into viral protein which is recognized by host immune cells and generates an immune response. Katalin Kariko made a huge contribution in the development of the COVID -19 vaccine. She discovered the delivery method of mRNA vaccine in host cells by coating or packaging them in lipid nanoparticles. Thus, she invented the modified mRNA vaccine against COVID-19. She begin her work some 15 years ago at Penn medicine.