Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Give the MAJOR PRODUCT/S of the following reactions. Include stereochemistry (wedges and dashes) as
appropriate. Draw all major enantiomers and diastereomers.

Transcribed Image Text:### Transcription for Educational Website
**Chemical Reactions: Substitution and Elimination**
In the study of organic chemistry, understanding substitution and elimination reactions is crucial. The diagram below illustrates two different reactions involving alkyl halides and provides insight into these fundamental processes.
#### Reaction 1: Substitution Reaction
The top half of the image depicts a substitution reaction. The reactant is a bromoalkane with the structure:
```plaintext
Br
|
C
/ \
Ph C
|
H
```
This reactant is treated with sodium tert-butoxide ((CH₃)₃CONa) in tert-butyl alcohol ((CH₃)₃COH) as solvent. The conditions and reagents suggest an S_N2 (bimolecular nucleophilic substitution) mechanism, where the bromine atom is replaced by a nucleophile.
**Reagents:**
- Sodium tert-butoxide ((CH₃)₃CONa)
- tert-Butyl alcohol ((CH₃)₃COH)
#### Reaction 2: Elimination Reaction
The bottom half of the image shows an elimination reaction. The reactant is an iodoalkane with the structure:
```plaintext
I
|
C-Ch₃
/ \
Ph CH₂CH₃
```
This reaction occurs under the influence of tert-butyl alcohol ((CH₃)₃COH) and heat (Δ), which usually promotes an E2 (bimolecular elimination) mechanism, resulting in the formation of an alkene through the loss of hydrogen iodide (HI).
**Reagents and Conditions:**
- tert-Butyl alcohol ((CH₃)₃COH)
- Heat (Δ)
### Graphs and Diagrams in Detail
**Diagram 1:**
- Presents a bromoalkane where a bromine atom (Br) is bonded to a carbon atom.
- The other substituents on the carbon are a phenyl group (Ph), a hydrogen atom (H), and another methyl group (CH3) attached to the same carbon atom as the bromine.
**Diagram 2:**
- Shows an iodoalkane where an iodine atom (I) is bonded to a carbon atom.
- This carbon is also bonded to a phenyl group (Ph), a CH3 group, and a longer chain (CH2CH3).
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