Both Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria have quorum sensing systems to control gene expression what are the similarites and differences of the qs system?
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Gene Interactions
When the expression of a single trait is influenced by two or more different non-allelic genes, it is termed as genetic interaction. According to Mendel's law of inheritance, each gene functions in its own way and does not depend on the function of another gene, i.e., a single gene controls each of seven characteristics considered, but the complex contribution of many different genes determine many traits of an organism.
Gene Expression
Gene expression is a process by which the instructions present in deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) are converted into useful molecules such as proteins, and functional messenger ribonucleic (mRNA) molecules in the case of non-protein-coding genes.
Both Gram(-) and Gram(+) bacteria have quorum sensing systems to control gene expression what are the similarites and differences of the qs system?
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- Wild-type bacteria were used as donors to transduce the following recipient genotypes with the results indicated as the number of wild type colonies: Recipient Recipient leu- phe+ his- met+ tyr+ leu- phe+ his+ met- tyr+ leu- phe+ his+ met+ tyr- leu- phe- his+ met+ tyr+ leu+ phe+ his-met- tyr+ 127 leu+ phe-his- met+ tyr+ #wild type 37 138 132 1 leu+ phe+ his- met+ tyr- leu+ phe-his+ met- tyr+ leu+ phe-hist met+ tyr- leu- phe+ his+ met+ tyr+ 22 6 leu+ phe+ his+ met- tyr- 148 31 304 leu+ phe+ his+ met+ tyr- What is the order of the genes? tyr-leu-his-phe-met O leu-met-phe-his-tyr leu-his-met-tyr-phe his-tyr-leu-phe-met #wild type 356 10Certain mutations called amber in bacteria and viruses result in premature termination of polypeptide chains during translation. Many amber mutationshave been detected at different points along the gene thatcodes for a head protein in phage T4. How might this system be further investigated to demonstrate and support the concept ofcolinearity?Interrupted-mating experiments with a variety of Hfr strains showed the following orders of gene transfer for Hfr strains H, 1, 2, and 3: Hfr strains Orders of gene transfer Origin-thr-pro-lac-pur-gal Origin-thr-thi-gly-his Origin-his-gly-thi-thr-pro-lac Origin-gly-his-gal-pur-lac-pro 3 Construct a circular chromosome map and show the direction of the transfer and various locations of integrated F factors for each Hfr strain.
- In a transformation experiment involving a wild type bacterial strain with a recipient strain with mutations in genes f, g, h and i pairs of genes were analyzed for co-transformation with the following results: Gene Pair Co-transformation g+ i+ f+ i+ yes no f+ h+ Уes f+ g+ no g+ h+ h+ i+ no уes What is the linear order of these genes relative to cach other?In a generalized-transduction experiment, phages arecollected from an E. coli donor strain of genotype cys+leu+ thr+ and used to transduce a recipient of genotypecys- leu- thr-. Initially, the treated recipient populationis plated on a minimal medium supplemented with leucine and threonine. Many colonies are obtained.a. What are the possible genotypes of these colonies?b. These colonies are then replica plated onto threedifferent media: (1) minimal plus threonine only, (2)minimal plus leucine only, and (3) minimal. Whatgenotypes could, in theory, grow on these three media?c. Of the original colonies, 56 percent are observed togrow on medium 1, 5 percent on medium 2, and nocolonies on medium 3. What are the actual genotypes ofthe colonies on media 1, 2, and 3?d. Draw a map showing the order of the three genes andwhich of the two outer genes is closer to the middle geneA research group is studying a bacterium X that binds to mucosal cells in the lung and invades. Wildtype X has an LD50 value of 10 bacteria when administered to mice by inhalation. Using transposon mutagenesis, the researchers have isolated two mutants of X that they call Xmut1 and Xmut2, both of which have LD50 values of 105 when inhaled by mice. However, in tissue culture cells, Xmut1 can invade the cells just as well as wild-type X, while Xmut2 cannot. Provide a possible explanation for these results.
- Two mutations that affect plaque morphology in phages (a− and b −) have been isolated. Phages carrying both mutations (a− b−) are mixed with wild-type phages (a+ b+) and added to a culture of bacterial cells. Once the phages have infected and lysed the bacteria, samples of the phage lysate are collected and cultured on plated bacteria. The following numbers of plaques are observed: Plaque phenotype Number a+ b+ 2043 a+ b− 320 a− b+ 357 a− b− 2134 What is the frequency of recombination between the a and b genes?What does the two component signal transduction system allow cells to do? What are the two components and what do they do? How was this type of system used in Streptococcus pneumoniae transformation?A group of genetics students mix two auxotrophic strains of bacteria: one is leu+ trp+ his− met− and the other is leu− trp− his+ met+. After mixing the two strains, they plate the bacteria on minimal medium and observe a few prototrophic colonies (leu+ trp+ his+ met+). They assume that some gene transfer has taken place between the two strains. How can they determine whether the transfer of genes is due to conjugation, transduction, or transformation?
- The following table lists 4 bacterial strains that are partial diploids for lac operon genes. Given the activity of beta-galactosidase measured for each strain in the absence (-lac) or presence (+lac) of lactose, complete the table by choosing the appropriate symbol (+, -, C, S) to indicate the allele of the gene or site missing from the table (blue numbers). + = wildtype, - = null mutation, c = constitutive, s =super repressor chromosome plasmid B-gal act. strain 10 Z A 1 C B 3 4 + C + 6 D 9 + 1 [Select] 3 [Select] 5 [Select] 7 [ Select] 9 [Select] | 0 2 + + 5 + 7 10 Z + -lac +lac 0.062 0.058 0.003 0.004 0.062 0.117 0.003 0.060 + 8 + 2 [Select] 4 [Select] 6 [Select] 8 [Select] 10 [Select]As mentioned in question 2 of More Genetic TIPS, origins oftransfer can be located in many different places on a bacterial chromosome,and their direction of transfer can be clockwise or counterclockwise.Let’s suppose a researcher conjugated six differentHfr strains that were thr + leu + tons str r azis lac + gal + pro + met +to an F − strain that was thr − leu − tonr str s azir lac − gal − pro −met −, and obtained the following results: Draw a map of the circular E. coli chromosome that shows thelocations and orientations of the origins of transfer in these six Hfrstrains.Two component systems are common in bacteria to regulate the expression of specific genes in response to environmental signals. Which of the following can be said of two component systems?