Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize fiveenergy "states" of mitochondria, depending on the presence orabsence of essential substrates for respiration-O, ADP, oxidizablesubstrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are:state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing P;)state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due tolack of ADP state 3: mitochondria + substrate + limited amount of ADP,allowing rapid respirationstate 4: mitochondria + substrate, but all ADP converted toATP, so respiration slowsstate 5: mitochondria + substrate + ADP, but all Oz used up(anoxia), so respiration stops(a) On the graph, identify the state that might predominate in eachstage of the trace indicated with a letter.ABTime(b) To determine whether isolated mitochondria exhibit respiratorycontrol, one determines the ratio of rates of oxygen uptake in twodifferent states. Which states?(c) Which state probably predominates in vivo in skeletal musclefatigued from a long and strenuous workout?(d) Which state probably predominates in resting skeletal muscle ofa well-nourished animal?(e) Which state probably predominates in heart muscle most of thetime?l'ol

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in the body. Glucose is broken down to form pyruvate…

Answered: Biochemists working with isolated…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Carbon monoxide is considered toxic because it acts on Complex IV. How would the addition of carbon monoxide to actively respiring mitochondria affect the relative oxidation-reduction states of all components of the electron-transport chain? Complexes I and I would be reduced, but complexes II and IV would be oxidized because the electrons come from FADH2 oxidation, not NADH. O All four complexes would remain oxidized because they function as a multisystem complex. O Complexes I, II, and I would be reduced and Complex IV would be oxidized. All four complexes would remain reduced because they function as a multisystem complex Complexes I, II, and ill would be oxidized but Complex IV would remain reduced.
Citrate and isocitrate are interconverted via the enzyme aconitase: The standard free energy change for this reaction is +6.7 kJ/mol. In my pet llama's mitochondria, the free energy change was measured to be +0.8 kJ/mol. (No llamas were harmed in this experiment!) a. Calculate the [isocitrate]/[citrate] ratio in these mitochondria. b. If [isocitrate] =0.03 mM, what is [citrate]?
Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the free energy of the reaction of yeast in mitochondria.
In the early days of “mitochondriology,” P/O ratios were determined from measurements of volume of O2 taken up by respiring mitochondria and chemical assays for disappearance of inorganic phosphate. Now, however, it is possible to measure P/O ratios simply with a recording oxygen electrode. How might this be done?
You experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III, cytochrome reductase, from participating in redox reactions. You follow this with the addition of 6 molecules of FADH2. How many total ATP molecules can be created using the number of protons that were pumped?
A larger proton gradient is required to forma single ATP in chloroplasts than in mitochondria. Suggest a reason why. Hint: Ions can move across the thylakoid membrane moreeasily than across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Which of these is the correct equation (not including energy sources or products) for CELLULAR RESPIRATION : 6C6H1206 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H1206 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O C6H1206 + 602 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O 6H2O + 602 -> 6CO2 + C6H12O6
How does DCPIP act as an indicator of presence of mitochondria? Will mitochondria in the presence of DCPIP still make ATP? Why or why not?
Cyanide is a poisonous substance. Cyanide is a cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor that is competitive. The last enzyme of the electron transport chain in mitochondria is cytochrome c oxidase. One of the most common substrates for cytochrome c oxidase is oxygen.Would an increase in the concentration of oxygen affect the inhibitioncaused by cyanide?How would conditions in the mitochondrial intermembrane spacechange if cytochrome c oxidase and the electron transport chain are notfunctioning properly.. Explain why this change in conditions will be harmful to a cell.
(c) Compare the differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation by redrawing (if necessary) and completing the table given below: Table 1: Comparison of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Organelle Source of electrons Final electron acceptor Source of energy Role of ATP
During chemiosmosis ATP is synthesized when H + ions move through turnstile like channel of ATP synthase. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor. energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. 2.86 points Save Answer
If actively respiring mitochondria are exposed to an inhibitor of ATPADP translocase, the electrontransport chain ceases to operate. Why?

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