Biochemists working with isolated mitochondria recognize fiveenergy "states" of mitochondria, depending on the presence orabsence of essential substrates for respiration-O, ADP, oxidizablesubstrates, and so forth. The characteristics of each state are:state 1: mitochondria alone (in buffer containing P;)state 2: mitochondria + substrate, but respiration low due tolack of ADP state 3: mitochondria + substrate + limited amount of ADP,allowing rapid respirationstate 4: mitochondria + substrate, but all ADP converted toATP, so respiration slowsstate 5: mitochondria + substrate + ADP, but all Oz used up(anoxia), so respiration stops(a) On the graph, identify the state that might predominate in eachstage of the trace indicated with a letter.ABTime(b) To determine whether isolated mitochondria exhibit respiratorycontrol, one determines the ratio of rates of oxygen uptake in twodifferent states. Which states?(c) Which state probably predominates in vivo in skeletal musclefatigued from a long and strenuous workout?(d) Which state probably predominates in resting skeletal muscle ofa well-nourished animal?(e) Which state probably predominates in heart muscle most of thetime?l'ol

Carbohydrates are the primary source of energy in the body. Glucose is broken down to form pyruvate…

Answered: Biochemists working with isolated…

Biochemistry

9th Edition

ISBN:9781319114671

Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Publisher:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.

Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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Carbon monoxide is considered toxic because it acts on Complex IV. How would the addition of carbon monoxide to actively respiring mitochondria affect the relative oxidation-reduction states of all components of the electron-transport chain? Complexes I and I would be reduced, but complexes II and IV would be oxidized because the electrons come from FADH2 oxidation, not NADH. O All four complexes would remain oxidized because they function as a multisystem complex. O Complexes I, II, and I would be reduced and Complex IV would be oxidized. All four complexes would remain reduced because they function as a multisystem complex Complexes I, II, and ill would be oxidized but Complex IV would remain reduced.
Citrate and isocitrate are interconverted via the enzyme aconitase: The standard free energy change for this reaction is +6.7 kJ/mol. In my pet llama's mitochondria, the free energy change was measured to be +0.8 kJ/mol. (No llamas were harmed in this experiment!) a. Calculate the [isocitrate]/[citrate] ratio in these mitochondria. b. If [isocitrate] =0.03 mM, what is [citrate]?
Consider the malate dehydrogenase reaction, part of tricarboxylic acid cycle, shown below. malate + NAD+ oxaloacetate + NADH + H+ ΔGo ’ = 29.7 kJ/mol. It has been reported that the concentrations of NAD+ and NADH in yeast mitochondria were 20 mM and 0.3 mM, respectively. If we performed similar measurements and also determined that the concentration of malate in yeast mitochondria was 0.5 mM and that of oxaloacetate was 0.1 µM at pH 7.0 at 37˚C, use this information to calculate the free energy of the reaction of yeast in mitochondria.
You experiementally apply the compund antimyctin, which inhinits the functioning of complex III, cytochrome reductase, from participating in redox reactions. You follow this with the addition of 6 molecules of FADH2. How many total ATP molecules can be created using the number of protons that were pumped?
A larger proton gradient is required to forma single ATP in chloroplasts than in mitochondria. Suggest a reason why. Hint: Ions can move across the thylakoid membrane moreeasily than across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
How does DCPIP act as an indicator of presence of mitochondria? Will mitochondria in the presence of DCPIP still make ATP? Why or why not?
Cyanide is a poisonous substance. Cyanide is a cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor that is competitive. The last enzyme of the electron transport chain in mitochondria is cytochrome c oxidase. One of the most common substrates for cytochrome c oxidase is oxygen.Would an increase in the concentration of oxygen affect the inhibitioncaused by cyanide?How would conditions in the mitochondrial intermembrane spacechange if cytochrome c oxidase and the electron transport chain are notfunctioning properly.. Explain why this change in conditions will be harmful to a cell.
(c) Compare the differences between oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation by redrawing (if necessary) and completing the table given below: Table 1: Comparison of oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation Photophosphorylation Organelle Source of electrons Final electron acceptor Source of energy Role of ATP
During chemiosmosis ATP is synthesized when H + ions move through turnstile like channel of ATP synthase. H+ ions serve as the final electron acceptor. energy is released as H+ ions move freely across mitochondrial membranes. a concentration gradient is generated when large numbers of H+ ions are passively transported from the matrix of the mitochondrion to the mitochondrion's intermembrane space. 2.86 points Save Answer
Cyanide is a rapidly acting, potentially deadly chemical that can exist in various forms. If accidentally ingested or inhaled, cyanide can cause rapid death by binding to complex IV (cytochrome oxidase) of the electron transport chain in the mitochondria. A.What is the mechanism by which cyanide stops cellular respiration? Be specific. B.Does cyanide cause an effect at the beginning or the end of the cellular respiration pathway? C.Does this make a difference on the effect that this chemical can have on our cells? Why? D.How does cyanide’s course of action affect the remainder of the cellular respiration pathway? E.If a person accidentally swallows cyanide, mention a potential treatment that is currently available. What is the mechanism of action of this treatment? Be specific. Please answer completely will give rating surely All questions answers needed
Consider the structures and functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. For each of the statements below, identify which part(s) of the chloroplast or mitochondrion (identified by letters in the figure below) are described. Some answers may include more than 1 letter. In those cases, separate the letters by a single space (eg. c g) Electron transport chains are located in ------ Photosystem I and II are located in ------- Ubiquinone is located in ------- NADPH is produced in ------ Pyruvate oxidation takes place in ------ ATP is produced in ------ NAD+ is produced in ----- High H+ concentration is produced in ----- O2 is produced in ----- RuBP is produced in ------
For Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle) what are steps of cellular respiration for both aerobic (oxygen present) and anaerobic (without oxygen) respiration. what are the Inputs and Outputs: Clearly indicate the key substrates, intermediates, and products at each stage. Location: Show where this stage of cellular respiration occurs within the cell (e.g., cytoplasm, mitochondria). Energy Production: Highlight the ATP and NADH production at this stage. Oxygen: Show where oxygen is used in the process (e.g., ETC) and where carbon dioxide is produced. Electron Carriers: Indicate the role of electron carriers such as NAD+ and FAD in transferring eleDiagrams: Use diagrams or icons to represent the structures and molecules involved, such as the mitochondria, glucose, ATP, and oxygen. Key Information like important facts or formulas relevant to cellular respiration, like the chemical equations for each stage.

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