b) Some peptides bear an interesting modification to their primary structure. In these peptides, the C-terminal residue is converted from a carboxylate to a primary amide. This is typically signified by appending "-NH," to the three- letter abbreviation of that residue. With this information in mind, draw the structure of the cyclic peptide below, being sure to account for this modification as well as correct stereochemistry and charges at pH 7.4. (Also note well the presence of the disulfide bond in this peptide!) The N-terminus of this peptide is indicated explicitly to help guide you. H3N Cys-Tyr N-terminus lle S. Gin Cys-Asn H2N-GlyArg-Pro c) The primary amide modification of terminal amino acid residues in peptides (as in Gly above) is found to increase their conformational stability over a relatively wide pH range. Provide a brief explanation as to why this might be the case.

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Osmosis

In simple words, osmosis is the slow, gradual movement of a liquid through a membrane. But there are nuances to this process. For instance, there has to be an imbalance in the distribution of solute in the liquid on either side of the membrane, which has to be semipermeable. The liquid in the region with a lower solute concentration moves to the region with a higher concentration, thereby displacing the solution in the process. The objective is to equalize the concentration of molecules on both sides of the membrane; the displacement of liquid can be viewed as a byproduct of this equalization. Since there is no energy required to carry osmosis, it is considered a passive process.