**Question:**Assume that an Uber driver refuses to take advantage of an incentive the company is offering because they believe that no matter how many rides provided, they will not be able to meet the incentive requirements. What element of expectancy theory is involved here?**Multiple Choice Options:**- **Valence** (selected)- Instrumentality- Reinforcement- Expectancy- Equity**Explanation:**This question is about identifying the element of expectancy theory that applies when an individual does not engage in an activity because they believe the desired outcome is unattainable. Expectancy theory includes the components of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence, which together help explain motivation in decision-making processes. The selected option is "valence," although the context might align more closely with "expectancy," which relates to the belief of achieving a desired performance level.

Motivation: It contains the aspirations, desires, drives, needs, and wants that explain human behaviour towards something. It is a psychological phenomenon that is based on the feelings and wants of a person. It can be called the driving force within the people that helps to take a particular action. Performance management provides a reward to the employees who performed excellent or good at the workplace. The reward can be based on incentive or non-incentive methods. It helps to increase the morale of employees towards their work.Vroom's expectancy theory: It is one of the theories of motivation. According to the theory, people show motivation towards the achievement of specific goals. Appreciative performance of employees helps to get the desired reward in the organization. Instrumentality: This element of vroom's theory is associated with the individual's belief and expectation that his/her performance will lead or not to a specific reward. People expect rewards based on their efforts and performance in the organization. Employees expect the reward as an outcome of their performance, but if an individual believes that his/her high performance does not be lead to desired or expected rewards, the individual will not work hard to attain the desired outcome. In the above case, the driver declines to take benefit of the incentive system of a company U because the driver knows that he/she will not be able to meet the criteria of the incentive system. Hence, option Instrumentality is the correct answer. Valence is not the right answer because it defines the value an individual allocates to his/her desired reward. If the reward of high performance is not provided what the individual desires, the individual will not work hard to enhance his/her performance. Reinforcement is not the right answer because it is the operant conditioning theory of learning. Reinforcement enhances the intensity of behaviour. When a beneficial outcome or event is linked with the behaviour in the way of a reward or praise, then it is known as positive reinforcement. Expectancy is not the right answer because employees can be highly motivated when they think that a specific type of behaviour helps them to get a specific outcome of their performance. Knowledge, abilities, skills, and experience are the factors that an individual is required to perform a successful task in the organization. Equity is not the right answer because it is not the element of Vroom's theory. Equity defines the employees' motivation is based on how the organization treats them and how fair is the compensation in the organization is.