Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a virus that compromises a person’s immune system. Once a person is infected with HIV they will always be infected. HIV is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles or syringes with someone who is infected, by receiving transfusions of infected blood, and can be passed on from mother-to-child before birth, during birth, or after birth during breastfeeding. It typically takes at least 6 months once a person has acquired the virus to obtain a positive HIV test. In 1998 in Uganda, a prospective cohort study was conducted over 5 years following an at-risk population of HIV-negative individuals that were in HIV-discordant relationships (relationships between a person infected with HIV and a person not infected with HIV). The following information is from a hypothetical study. Every year of the study (on January 1st) each of the 13 study participants were tested for HIV. HIV Testing among Participants in a 5-year Prospective Cohort in Uganda, 1998-2003 Jan. 1, 1998Jan. 1, 1999Jan. 1, 2000Jan. 1, 2001Jan. 1, 2002Jan. 1, 2003Participant 1NegativePositive--------Participant 2NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 3NegativeNegativePositive------Participant 4NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 5NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 6NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 7NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 8NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativePositive--Participant 9NegativePositive----********Participant 10NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 11NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeParticipant 12NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativePositive--Participant 13NegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegativeNegative****This indicates that the participant is no longer living. A. Calculate the point prevalence of HIV infection in this sample at the end of the study. HINT: “—“ means still testing Positive for HIV. B. Calculate the cumulative incidence of HIV infection in this sample between Jan. 1, 1999 and Jan. 1, 2001. HINT: At risk population for CI includes anyone alive during the entire period. C. What is the incidence density of HIV infection throughout the study? HINT: People that die contribute some, but not all, of the person-time in the study.

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a virus that compromises a person’s immune system. Once a person is infected with HIV they will always be infected. HIV is transmitted by sexual contact with an infected person, by sharing needles or syringes with someone who is infected, by receiving transfusions of infected blood, and can be passed on from mother-to-child before birth, during birth, or after birth during breastfeeding. It typically takes at least 6 months once a person has acquired the virus to obtain a positive HIV test. In 1998 in Uganda, a prospective cohort study was conducted over 5 years following an at-risk population of HIV-negative individuals that were in HIV-discordant relationships (relationships between a person infected with HIV and a person not infected with HIV). The following information is from a hypothetical study. Every year of the study (on January 1^st) each of the 13 study participants were tested for HIV.

HIV Testing among Participants in a 5-year Prospective Cohort in Uganda, 1998-2003

	Jan. 1, 1998	Jan. 1, 1999	Jan. 1, 2000	Jan. 1, 2001	Jan. 1, 2002	Jan. 1, 2003
Participant 1	Negative	*Positive*	--	--	--	--
Participant 2	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 3	Negative	Negative	*Positive*	--	--	--
Participant 4	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 5	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 6	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 7	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 8	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	*Positive*	--
Participant 9	Negative	*Positive*	--	--	****	****
Participant 10	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 11	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative
Participant 12	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	*Positive*	--
Participant 13	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative	Negative

****This indicates that the participant is no longer living.

A. Calculate the point prevalence of HIV infection in this sample at the end of the study. HINT: “—“ means still testing Positive for HIV.

B. Calculate the cumulative incidence of HIV infection in this sample between Jan. 1, 1999 and Jan. 1, 2001. HINT: At risk population for CI includes anyone alive during the entire period.

C. What is the incidence density of HIV infection throughout the study? HINT: People that die contribute some, but not all, of the person-time in the study.

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