A researcher wants to know if music affects mood. It tests a sample of 4 randomly selected adults and measures mood before and after being exposed to classical music. She is interested in testing whether the average mood rating improves after an adult is exposed to classical music. Assume that all the conditions for the test have been met. The resulting p-value is 0.008. Below are the mood ratings of the four participants:

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.