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- 1.) What are the most important extracellular and intracellular fluid ions and give the significance of each? 2.) What is the outcome of decrease Calcium ions in the body in muscle contraction? 3.) What is the normal body pH?Your patient suffers from chronic renal (kidney) failure and undergoes dialysis regularly. One of their associated problems is chronic anemia, which the doctor says to the renal failure. Why would the two be connected? (3) is indirectlyBody fluids occupy two different compartments, either inside the cells or outside the cells.(a) What are body fluids found inside the cell called?(b) What are body fluids found outside the cell called?(c) What are the two major subclasses of fluids foundoutside the cells?(d) What major electrolytes are found inside the cells?(e) What major electrolytes are found outside the cells?
- If sodium is excreted, so is _________________________. A) Glycogen B) Calcium C) Water D) ProteinA 44-year-old woman was experiencing headaches and fatigue. The consultingphysician recommended testing glucose and electrolytes. The results are attached in the picture below: (a) What is the difference between serum and plasma? (b) Describe the results (c) Plasma glucose levels lower than 20 mg/dl can be fatal. As the patient’s resultsdid not match with her clinical presentation, the consulting biochemist decidedto investigate this test, and found that the glucose analyser was giving theresults in mM, but the lab assistant had assumed the results were in mg/dl. Isthis error pre-analytical, analytical or post-analytical? (d) 1 mM glucose = 18 mg/dL glucose. What is the patient’s fasting plasmaglucose in mg/dL, and is it within the normal range? (e) Describe possible consequences of this error.scenario: The doctor explained to Joe’s wife that plaque in his arteries had ruptured causing a blood clot to form. The clot was dislodged due to his high blood pressure, and got stuck in a coronary artery, which normally delivers oxygen-rich blood to his cardiac muscle. a) what will happen to calcium levels in the cytosol of the affected heart cells and why? b) What will happen to the conduction of electrical signals across the electrically isolated cells?
- 29. A 3-month-old boy is brought to the emergency department because of a 2-day history of lethargy. Physical examination shows no other abnormalities. The results of laboratory studies are shown: Serum Na+ CI- A) Angiotensin-converting enzyme B) Aquaporin C) 11a-Hydroxylase D) Renin E) Vasopressin receptors Osmolality Specific gravity Osmolality Urine 165 mEq/L (N=139-146) 130 mEq/L (N=95-105) 334 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N=282-295) 1.001 117 mOsmol/kg H₂O (N>200) He is admitted to the hospital. His urine output is increased. His serum ADH (vasopressin) concentration is 24 pg/mL (N=1-5); aldosterone and renin concentrations are within the referenc ranges. The urine osmolality remains unchanged after administration of 1-deamino-8-arginine vasopressin. An MRI of the brain and pituitary gland shows no abnormalities. Ultrasonograp shows normal kidneys. The most likely underlying cause of the findings in this patient is a defect in which of the following?Answer bi) and bii) onlyA 26y female patient suffered from Ⅱ° and Ⅲ° burn of bilateral upper limbs, trunk and perineum,and her body weight was 60kg, according to the experience formula, the volume of crystalloid and colloid needed in the first 24h should be() A) 2000ml B) 4000ml C) 4050ml D) 5000ml E) 6050ml
- Which of the following hormones does not increase blood pressure? A) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) B) epinephrine c) renin d)atrial natriuretic peptidewhen a person receive intravenous fluid to help up blood volume , why is it important to for the fluid to be isotonic?A high school football player experienced cramps during practice. He began to gulp a large amount of water and Gatorade (sports drink) in the hope to alleviate the cramps. He had swallowed about four gallons of fluids by the end of the practice. Not long afterwards, he collapsed at home and was rushed by helicopter to the hospital where several days later he dies. An autopsy report revealed water intoxication is the cause of death.Analyse what happened to the football player. Assume that the football player discovers his lethat situation earlier, identify the actions he should take to survive.Remark: The word count limit (250 words only), no less than 100 words