A major company would like to assess the impact of using a professional trainer to conduct a confidence-building workshop with its salespeople. A sample of 16 workers is obtained. Half (n = 8) attend the workshop and the other half (n = 8) serves as a control group. Two weeks later, each of the participants is given a questionnaire measuring the level of self-confidence. The data are as follows: Controls: M=17.5 SS=100 n=8 WorkShop M=22.7 SS=124 n=8 a. conduct the four steps of hypothesis testing to evaluate the significance of the treatment effect and calculate Cohen’s d to measure the size of the treatment effect. Use a two-tailed test with alpha level = .05

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.