Calculate the appropriate measure of association and interpret the result
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A case-control study was conducted to examine the association between lung cancer and smoking in men. The case group contains 500 patients, who were diagnosed with lung cancer. Five hundred age-matched patients were recruited as controls. The study found that 50% of cases were regular smoking and the proportion is 20% among controls.
b. Calculate the appropriate measure of association and interpret the result
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- Acne is a common skin disease that affects most adolescents and can continue into adulthood. A study compared the effectiveness of three acne treatments and a placebo, all in gel form, applied twice daily for 12 weeks. The study's 517 teenage volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the four treatments. Success was assessed as clear or almost clear skin at the end of the 12 week period. The results of the study can be seen in the table below. Using the appropriate statistical test, determine if there is significant evidence that the four treatments perform differently. If so, how do they compare.Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a form of interaction that heavily involves technology (e.g., instant messaging, email). A study was conducted to compare relational intimacy in people interacting via CMC to people meeting face-to-face (FTF). Participants were 48 undergraduate students, of which half were randomly assigned to the CMC group and half assigned to the FTF group. The variable of interest, relational intimacy score, was measured (on a 7-point scale) for each participant after each of three different meeting sessions. Summary statistics for the first meeting session are given here. The researchers hypothesized that, after the first meeting, the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the CMC group would be lower than the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the FTF group. Test the researchers’ hypothesis using α = .10. CMC FTF Number…A study of the career plans of young women and men sent questionnaires to 722 students of class at one University. One question asked which major within the business program the student had chosen. With data we test a statement: Does the data suggest that there is a relationship between the gender of students and their choice of major? We calculated the p-value and it is 0,0127 and the level of significance is 0,05. The conclusion to the test is: a. there is sufficient evidence to conclude that the choice of major and the gender of the student are not independent of each other. b. there is insufficient evidence to conclude that more females prefer administration than males c. there is insufficient evidence to conclude that the choice of major and the gender of the student are not independent of each other. d. there is sufficient evidence to conclude that students find economics very hard. Zrušit mou volbu
- A researcher would like to know which factors are most important to people who are buying a new car. A sample of n=200 customers between the ages of 20 and 29 are asked to identify the most important factor in the decision process: Performance, Reliability, or Style. The researcher would like to know whether there is a difference between the factors identified by women compared to those identified by men. The data are as follows: Observed Frequencies of Most Important Factors According to Gender: Performance Reliability Style Total Male 21 33 26 80 Female 19 67 34 120 Total 40 100 60 Compute the expected frequencies (fill in chart). Expected Frequencies: Performance Reliability Style Male FemaleThree brands of reducing pill were tried on a sample of 8 female adults. The data are given on the following table in terms of weight loss in pounds. Reducing Pll Used B Respondent A 4.5 3.2 3.0 2 4.1 3.0 2.8 3 3.6 38 3.2 4 53 3.9 3.6 4.8 4.2 3.5 27 3.1 3.5 43 4.0 29 3.8 3.3 36 Test the bypothesis that there is no signilicant difference in the average weight loss in pounds among the three groups of respondents using the three brands of reducing pills at 0.01 levelMost alpine skiers and snowboarders do not use helmets. Do helmetsreduce the risk of head injuries? A study in Norway compared skiers and snowboarders who suffered head injuries with a control group who were not injured. Of 578 injured subjects, 96 had worn a helmet. Of the 2992 in the control group, 656 wore helmets. Is helmet use less common among skiers and snowboarders who have head injuries?
- A study tested the effects of 4 different dosages of a new antidepressant on reducing depressive symptoms in one group of depressed participants. The order of the four dosages was counterbalanced across participants. Which statistical test should be used? Select one: a. One-way between subjects ANOVA b. One-way repeated measures ANOVA c. Two-way between subjects ANOVA Incorrect d. None of these optionsBrunt, Rhee, and Zhong (2008) surveyed 557 undergraduate college students to examine their weight status, health behaviors, and diet. Using body mass index (BMI), they classified the students into four categories: underweight, healthy weight, overweight, and obese. They also measured dietary variety by counting the number of different foods each student ate from several food groups. Note that the researchers are not measuring the amount of food eaten, but rather the number of different foods eaten (variety, not quantity). Nonetheless, it was somewhat surprising that the results showed no differences among the four weight categories that were related to eating fatty and/or sugary snacks.Suppose a researcher conducting a follow up study obtains a sample of n = 25 students classified as healthy weight and a sample of n = 36 students classified as overweight. Each student completes the food variety questionnaire, and the healthy-weight group produces a mean of µ = 4.01 for the fatty,…The National Highway traffic Safety Administration requires each U.S. state to carry out an observational study to assess the level of seat belt use in the state. One report summarized data from a study done in a certain state. The proportions in the accompanying table are based on observations of over 25,000 drivers and passengers. Male Female Uses Seatbelt Does Not Use Seat Belt 0.42 0.455 0.08 0.045 Assume that these proportions are representative of adults in this state and that an adult from this state is selected at random. (a) What is the probability that the selected adult does not use a seat belt given that the selected individual is female? (b) What is the probability that the selected individual is female given that the selected individual does not use a seat belt? (c) Are the probabilities from parts (a) and (b) equal? Write a couple of sentences explaining why or why not. They --Select--- ✓ equal. Part (a) is the proportion of [---Select--- ---Select--- and part (b) is the…
- In a clinical trial of 2022 subjects treated with a certain drug, 21 reported headaches. In a control group of 1745 subjects given a placebo, 24 reported headaches. Denoting the proportion of headaches in the treatment group by p, and denoting the proportion of headaches in the control (placebo) group by pe, the relative risk is p/pe. The relative risk is a measure of the strength of the effect of the drug treatment. Another such measure is the odds ratio, which is the ratio of the odds in favor of a headache for the treatment group to the odds in favor of a headache for the control (placebo) group, found by evaluating Pt/(1-Pt) The relative risk and odds ratios are commonly used in medicine and epidemiological studies. Find the relative risk and odds ratio for the Pc/(1-Pc) headache data. What do the results suggest about the risk of a headache from the drug treatment? Find the relative risk for the headache data. The relative risk = (Round to three decimal places as needed.)To test whether there is a difference in the quality of some ballpoint pens produced by Scribulus, Writine, and Fantapen, random samples from each brand were purchased and the following data were collected: Scribulus Writinc Fantapen number purchased failed to write 41 29 16 300 250 200 Use a 5% level of significance to test whether there is any difference in quality measured by the proportion of pens that failed to write.A study was conducted to explore the possibility of a audiobook treatment effect on sleep quality (better, worse). One version of the study involved 32 uber drivers. The uber drivers were given the option to choose which group they were in. One group listened to an audiobook while they slept, while the other group did not. The researchers found a difference of 21.9 percentage points between the proportion of uber drivers in each group who experienced better sleep quality. The group that listened to an audiobook had the higher proportion. The tail proportion from a randomisation test carried out with the data from the study was 1/1000.