A major company would like to assess the impact of using a professional trainer to conduct a confidence-building workshop with its salespeople. A sample of 16 workers is obtained. Half (n = 8) attend the workshop and the other half (n = 8) serves as a control group. Two weeks later, each of the participants is given a questionnaire measuring the level of self-confidence. The data are as follows: Controls Workshop M = 17.5 M = 22.7 SS = 100 SS = 124     Use the sample data to construct an 80% confidence interval for the mean difference in confidence between the control group and the workshop conditions.

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Types of Bias

Statistics is the study of data collection, organization, analysis, interpretation, and presentation. Statistical bias is a characteristic of a statistical technique or its findings in which the expected value deviates from the actual root quantitative parameter being estimated. According to the actual definition of bias, it refers to the tendency of a statistic to overestimate or underestimate a parameter.