A glass optical fiber "captures" a ray of light by imposing total internal reflection upon that ray, many times over. Once inside the glass, such a ray will undergo total internal reflection if it strikes the boundary between glass and air at an angle of incidence that is greater than the critical angle. Suppose that an optical fiber is flat on one end, with the end surface at right angles to the fiber's long axis, as shown. A rod with its long axis in a horizontal orientation is shown. A horizontal, dashed line cuts through the center of the rod. A beam moving up and to the right strikes the left end of the rod at an angle ?iwith the horizontal. A laser beam is directed toward the center of the flat surface at the end of this fiber, at an incidence angle ?i with respect to the normal, as shown. The beam refracts toward the central axis of the fiber (here a dashed line) as it enters the glass. It then reaches the outer edge of the fiber. What is the greatest value (in degrees) for ?i that will allow total internal reflection to occur at the outer edge? (Assume that the fiber material has an index of refraction of 1.30, and that air surrounds the fiber.) answer in degrees.

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A:

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A: Given refractive index of water nw=1.33 and refractive index of prism np=1.73 And prism is…

Refraction of Light

Refraction is a change in the direction of light rays when they travel from one medium to another. It is the bending of light when it goes through different media.

Angle of Refraction

Light is considered by many scientists to have dual nature, both particle nature and wave nature. First, Particle nature is one in which we consider a stream of packets of energy called photons. Second, Wave nature is considering light as electromagnetic radiation whereas part of it is perceived by humans. Visible spectrum defined by humans lies in a range of 400 to 700 nm wavelengths.

Index of Refraction of Diamond

Diamond, the world’s hardest naturally occurring material and mineral known, is a solid form of the element carbon. The atoms are arranged in a crystal structure called diamond cubic. They exist in a huge variety of colours. Also, they are one of the best conductors of heat and have a very high melting point.