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A criminologist studied fear of crime, age, and gender of people who were present for Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. The dependent variable in this study is
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- A study was conducted to explore the prevalence and impact of sleep problems on various aspects of people's lives. Staff from a university in Melbourne, Australia were invited to complete a questionnaire containing questions about their sleep behaviour (e.g. hours slept per night), sleep problems (e.g. difficulty getting to sleep) and the impact that these problems have on aspects of their lives (work, driving, relationships). The sample consisted of 271 respondents (55% female, 45% male) ranging in age from 18 to 84 years (M=43.9yrs). A student researcher is interested in examining whether the participants in the study sleep for 8 hours a night, the recommended average for adults. Proposed analysis and why you chose the analysis? Measurement type (i.e., nominal, ordinal, continuous) for variable(s) that will be used in the analysis? Null and alternative hypotheses (based on context of study) in symbols? id sex age weight height sleep 83 0 42 52 162 9…In general, if two variables are strongly associated, does it follow there must be a cause and effect relationship between them? Explain1. Self-esteem, or a person's sense of their own worth, is a global concept that can be impacted by many elements of a person's life. A researcher would like to measure the association between academic self-efficacy, or a person's belief in their academic ability, and their self-esteem in general. Measures of both variables were gathered from ten participants, displayed in the table below. Academic self-efficacy 60 36 12 6 26 5 4 60 34 10 x=25.30 s²x = 472.19 Sx = 21.73 Self-esteem 15 14 16 11 12 35 18 14 19 24 y = 17.80 s²y = 50.55 Sy=7.11 a. Compute the Pearson correlation. b. Determine is the correlation coefficient is significant or not. c. If you were trying to predict someone's self-esteem from their academic self-efficacy, what would the equation be? d. If someone had a score of 83 for academic self-efficacy, what would be the best estimate of their self-esteem score? e. If someone had a score of 54 for academic self-efficacy, what would be the best estimate of their self-esteem…
- Find an interesting instance where two variables are strongly correlated, but share no causal link. Explain the situation, describe the variables, and explain why it doesn't make sense for the data to be correlated.Tobacco companies have actively attempted to remake their public image by launching a youth smoking prevention advertisement campaign. Melanie Wakefield (a professor of applied psychology and researcher at the Center for Behavioral Research in Cancer in Victoria, Australia) and her colleagues conducted a study to assess the relation between exposure to tobacco companies' youth smoking prevention advertising and youth smoking-related beliefs, intentions, and behaviors. You use Professor Wakefield's research to design an experiment with two groups of middle school students from Vietnam. You show the tobacco company's youth smoking prevention ads to one of the groups of students every day for a week at the beginning of their math class. After the week, you assess the groups on the degree to which the students approve/disapprove of teens smoking, using a 5-point Likert scale. You do not have a prediction about the effect of the ads, as they are supposed to prevent smoking, but Professor…A study investigated the relationship between audit delay and variables that describe the client and the auditor. The file Audit contains data from a sample of 40 companies on the following set of variables: Delay: The length of time from a company's fiscal year-end to the date of the auditor's report. Industry: A dummy variable coded 1 if the firm was an industrial company or 0 if the firm was a bank, savings and loan, or insurance company. Public: A dummy variable coded 1 if the company was traded on an organized exchange or over the counter; otherwise coded 0. Quality: A measure of overall quality of internal controls, as judged by the auditor, on a five-point scale ranging from "virtually none" (1) to "excellent" (5). Finished: A measure ranging from 1 to 4, as judged by the auditor, where 1 indicates "all work performed subsequent to year-end" and indicates 4 "most work performed prior to year-end." Click on the datafile logo to reference the data. Consider a model in which…
- Suppose two variables are negatively correlated. Does the response variable increase or decrease as the explanatory variable increases?Read the scenario below to determine which one of the time threats to internal validity (test reactivity, instrumentation, history, and maturation) is of most concern, and provide one way to control for the threat. A researcher examines students' perception of their body image by conducting a 2-year longitudinal study of middle-school students (grades 6 - 8). Body image is measured using a scale and the same scale is measured under the same conditions at the beginning and end of the study.Study 2: Pill Appearance and Perceived Pain. Does the shape or color of a pain pill influence its effectiveness? Although logically it shouldn’t, whether we believe a drug will work does have a powerful effect on our perceptions (e.g., placebo effect). In this experiment, 4 groups of adult patients were given the same amount of Advil after dental surgery for pain relief, but the color and shape of the pill varied. Researchers hypothesized that an unusual shape or color would lead people to believe the pills were new and special and thus would expect them to be more effective than common round, white pills. Researchers also wanted to know if there is an interaction between shape and color Data Labels ShapePill {1=Round; 2=Diamond} ColorPill {1=White; 2=BlueGreen} Gender {0=Woman; 1=Man; 2=Nonbinary person) Descriptions of the Variables and Descriptive Statistics: Referring to the JASP output, and using sentences, present the descriptive statistics of each group: for example:…
- The phrase “Correlation does not equal causation” means: Question 30 options: there is no guarantee that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables that are correlated. there is only a 30% chance that a cause-and-effect relationship exists between two variables. a cause-and-effect relationship only certainly exists when data are gathered in a specific way. a cause-and-effect relationship can only exist with ratio-level variables.Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a form of interaction that heavily involves technology (e.g., instant messaging, email). A study was conducted to compare relational intimacy in people interacting via CMC to people meeting face-to-face (FTF). Participants were 48 undergraduate students, of which half were randomly assigned to the CMC group and half assigned to the FTF group. The variable of interest, relational intimacy score, was measured (on a 7-point scale) for each participant after each of three different meeting sessions. Summary statistics for the first meeting session are given here. The researchers hypothesized that, after the first meeting, the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the CMC group would be lower than the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the FTF group. Test the researchers’ hypothesis using α = .10. CMC FTF Number…Your state is going to vote on becoming a "right to work" state in the next, and you wonder if there is there a relationship between salary levels and unionization. You find data on salary from the U.S. Census, which is split into three groups: Low; Moderate/About Average, and; High. To see if salary, measured in this way, is associated with unionization you find a variable in the same dataset called "UNION", which has two categories: the respondent has a unionized job and the respondent does not have a unionized job. Because you want to know if you should favor or oppose becoming a "right to work" state, you test these two variables to see if there is an association between salary level and unionized labor. What type of hypothesis test is most appropriate?
