A case-control study of patients on antihypertensive drugs related an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) for patients using calcium channel blockers. In this study, cases wereantihypertensive drug patients who had suffered a first fatal or nonfatal MI through 1993, and controls were antihypertensive drug patients, matched by demographic factors, who had notsuffered a MI. Among the comparisons reported were patients receiving calcium channel (CC) blockers (with and without diuretics) and patients receiving B-blockers (with and withoutdiuretics). Results of numbers of patient by drug/MI status combination are given in the following table.AntihypertensiveO HO: p1=p2 vs. Ha: p1 < p2O HO: p1> p2 vs. Ha: p1=p2DrugDoes it appear that an increased risk of myocardial infarction (MI) is related to using calcium channel (CC) blockers? The case-control nature of this study requires we compare theproportion of CC blocker users among those had MI attack (p1) vs. the proportion of CC blocker users among those had no MI (p2).What is your hypothesis for this test?O HO: p1p2 vs. Ha: p1=p2CC blockerB-blockerO HO: p1=p2 vs. Ha: p1 > p2Occurrence ofYes (cases)8085Myocardial InfarctionNo (controls)230395 True or False?[Select]confidence interval.[Select]✓ We are 95% confident that the difference in the proportion of CC blocker users between patients had MI attack and those had no MI is within the✓ The confidence interval is calculated using a method that gives correct answers 95% of the time.

Given: confusion matrix for drug related risk Statement: Null Hypothesis, H0: p1=p2 Alternative…

Answered: A case-control study of patients on…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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The Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations mandated that hospitals ban smoking by 1994. To study the effects of this ban on smoking behaviors, subjects were randomly selected from two different populations: those from hospitals with the ban and those from hospitals without the ban. Investigators were interested in determining if this smoking ban had any impact on the proportion of smokers employed at each hospital that then quit smoking. Let px be the proportion of smokers from hospitals that implemented the ban who quit smoking during the study period. Let py be the proportions of smokers from hospitals without the ban who quit smoking during the study period. Please select the appropriate hypotheses. H0: px = 0.50 HA: px ≠ 0.50 H0: px-py ≥ 0 HA: px-py H0: px-py ≤ 0 HA: px-py > 0 H0: px-py = 0 HA: px-py ≠ 0
In a flowering plant species, snapdragons, variation in flower color is determined by a single gene. RRgenotype individuals are red, Rrgenotype individuals are pink, and rr genotype individuals are white. In a cross between two heterozygous (Rr) individuals, the expected ratio of red:pink:white-flowered offsprings is 1:2:1. Biologists did two cross experiments, and ask whether the results differ significantly from the expected. (a) The first cross experiment ends up with 40 offsprings, including 10 red, 21 pink, and 9 white. Write the null and alternative hypothesis for the chi-square test. Use R to conduct the chi-square and determine the p-value. (The expected proportion must sum up to one) Interpret the p-value and state the conclusion from your test.
Patients suffering from rheumatic diseases or osteoporosis often suffer critical losses in bone mineral density (BMD). Alendronate is one medication prescribed to build or prevent further loss of BMD. Holcomb and Rothenberg (A-3) looked at 96 women taking alendronate to determine if a difference existed in the mean percent change in BMD among five different primary diagnosis classifications. Group 1 patients were diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Group 2 patients were a mixed collection of patients with diseases including lupus, Wegener’s granulomatosis and polyarteritis, and other vasculitic diseases (LUPUS). Group 3 patients had polymyalgia rheumatica or temporal arthritis (PMRTA). Group 4 patients had osteoarthritis (OA) and group 5 patients had osteoporosis (O) with no other rheumatic diseases identified in the medical record. Changes in BMD are shown in the following table. (TABLE IS IN THE IMAGES) a. Formulate research question b. State the null hypothesis in narrative…
Left ventricular mass (LVM) is an important risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular disease. A study is proposed to assess the relationship between childhood blood-pressure levels and LVM in children as determined from echocardiograms. The goal is to stratify children into a normal bp group (< 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and an elevated bp group (≥ 90th percentile for their age, gender, and height) and compare change in LVM between the two groups. Before this can be done, one needs to demonstrate that LVM actually changes in children over a 4-year period. To help plan the main study, a pilot study is conducted where echocardiograms are obtained from 10 random children from the Bogalusa Heart Study at baseline and after 4 years of follow-up. The data are given in Table 1 . Table 1 Pilot data on left ventricular mass (LVM) in children from the Bogalusa Heart Study ID Baseline LVM (g) 4- year LVM (g) Change (g)* 1 139 163 24 2 134 126 -8 3 86 142 56…
Researchers studying the effect of antibiotic treatment for acute sinusitis compared to symptomatic treatments randomly assigned 166 adults diagnosed with acute sinusitis to one of two groups: treatment or control. Study participants received either a 10-day course of amoxicillin (an antibiotic) or a placebo similar in appearance and taste. The placebo consisted of symptoatic treatments such as acetaminophen, nasal decongestants, etc. At the end of the 10-day period, patients were asked if they experienced improvement in symptoms. The distribution of responses is summized below. We want to test if there is a difference in the improvement rates of sinusitis symptoms between the treatment and the placebo.(a) Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses(b) Calculate the test statistic and find the P-value(c) Please check the conditions required to do the test above.
A 5-year study among 601 participants with retinitis pigmentosa assessed the effects of high-dose vitamin A (15,000 IU per day) and vitamin E (400 IU per day) on the course of their disease. One issue is to what extent supplementation with vitamin A affected their serum-retinol levels. The test used to analyze the effects of vitamins assumes that the distribution of serum retinol is approximately normal. To verify this assumption, the investigators obtained a frequency distribution of serum retinol at year O among males in the vitamin A group, with data as shown in the table below. The mean serum retinol for the group was 1.89 and the standard deviation was 0.36. n Serum- retinol group (μmol/L) ≤1.405 6 1.405-1.755 22 1.755-2.105 22 2.105-2.455 20 ≥2.455 3 1. Perform a statistical test to check on the normality assumption. Given your results, do you feel the assumption of normality is warranted? Why or why not?
The National Cancer Institute conducted a 2-year study to determine whether cancer death rates for areas near nuclear power plants are higher than for areas without nuclear facilities. A spokesperson for the Cancer Institute said, "From the data at hand, there was no convincing evidence of any increased risk of death from any of the cancers surveyed due to living near nuclear facilities." Let p denote the proportion of the population in areas near nuclear power plants who die of cancer during a given year. The researchers at the Cancer Institute have considered the null and alternative hypotheses below: А. Họ: p = value for areas without nuclear facilities Hạ: p> value for areas without nuclear facilities According to the spokesperson's statement, what is the conclusion of the National Cancer Institute? Select one of the following: Reject Ho Fail to reject Ho Reject Ha Fail to reject Ha
Oishi and Shigehiro (2010) report that people who move from home to home frequently as children tend to have lower than average levels of well-being as adults. To further examine this relationship, a psychologist obtains a sample of n = 12 young adults who each experienced five or more different homes before they were 16 years old. These participants were given a standardized well-being questionnaire for which the general population has an average score of µ = 40. The well-being scores for this sample are as follows: 38, 37, 41, 35, 42, 40, 33, 33, 36, 38, 32, 39 On the basis of this sample, is well-being for frequent movers significantly different from well-being in the general population? Use a two-tailed test with α = .05. The null hypothesis is H₀: . Complete the following table. M SS s² sMM t Critical Values Significant? Compute the estimated Cohen’s d to measure the size of the difference.…
Computer-mediated communication (CMC) is a form of interaction that heavily involves technology (e.g., instant messaging, email). A study was conducted to compare relational intimacy in people interacting via CMC to people meeting face-to-face (FTF). Participants were 48 undergraduate students, of which half were randomly assigned to the CMC group and half assigned to the FTF group. The variable of interest, relational intimacy score, was measured (on a 7-point scale) for each participant after each of three different meeting sessions. Summary statistics for the first meeting session are given here. The researchers hypothesized that, after the first meeting, the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the CMC group would be lower than the mean relational intimacy score for participants in the FTF group. Test the researchers’ hypothesis using α = .10. CMC FTF Number…
A small pilot study is run to compare a new drug for chronic pain to one that is currently available. Participants are randomly assigned to receive either the new drug or the currently available drug and report improvement in pain on a 5-point ordinal scale: 1=Pain is much worse, 2=Pain is slightly worse, 3= No change, 4=Pain improved slightly, 5=Pain much improved. Is there a significant difference in self-reported improvement in pain? Use the Mann-Whitney U test with a 5% level of significance. Please show work. New Drug: 4 5 3 3 4 2 Standard Drug: 2 3 4 1 2 3
In 2015, a survey found that 38% of Americans were supportive of online education for elementary and secondary education. With the increase in contagious viruses, it is of interest if this proportion has changed. In a 2019 poll, 51% of 1028 Americans were supportive of online education for elementary and secondary education. At the 10% significance level, do the data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the percentage of all American adults who support online education for elementary and secondary education has changed from what was believed in 2015? Choose the choice that gives the null and alternative hypothesis.
In a clinical trial of 2022 subjects treated with a certain drug, 21 reported headaches. In a control group of 1745 subjects given a placebo, 24 reported headaches. Denoting the proportion of headaches in the treatment group by p, and denoting the proportion of headaches in the control (placebo) group by pe, the relative risk is p/pe. The relative risk is a measure of the strength of the effect of the drug treatment. Another such measure is the odds ratio, which is the ratio of the odds in favor of a headache for the treatment group to the odds in favor of a headache for the control (placebo) group, found by evaluating Pt/(1-Pt) The relative risk and odds ratios are commonly used in medicine and epidemiological studies. Find the relative risk and odds ratio for the Pc/(1-Pc) headache data. What do the results suggest about the risk of a headache from the drug treatment? Find the relative risk for the headache data. The relative risk = (Round to three decimal places as needed.)

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