9. TCA cycle and electromotive force-Consider the following reaction:malate + NAD 32>oxaloacetate + NADHThe free energy for this reaction depends on the [NAD]/[NADH] ratio and the [malate]/[oxaloacetate]ratio, with AGO' = 30 kJ/mol, AG° is simply AG°at pH 7.a) Assuming that the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio is fixed at 10, generate a plot of AG versus[NAD]/[NADH].b) Assuming that the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio is still fixed at 10, in which direction will this portionof the TCA cycle run for [NAD]/[NADH] = 1?10?100?c) For [NAD+] = 10 mM and [NADH] = 0.1 mM, and the [malate]/[oxaloacetate] ratio still fixed at 10,what is AG for the above reaction?

For a reactionaA + bB ↔ cC + dD ∆G=∆G0+RT ln[C]c[D]d[A]a[B]bhere ∆G is te gibbs free energy∆G0 is…

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Biochemistry

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Chapter1: Biochemistry: An Evolving Science

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Problem 1P

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Biochemists consider the citric acid cycle to be the cen-tral reaction sequence in metabolism. One of the key steps isan oxidation catalyzed by the enzyme isocitrate dehydrogenaseand the oxidizing agent NAD. Under certain conditions, thereaction in yeast obeys 11th-order kinetics Rate=k[enzyme][isocitrate]⁴[AMP]²[NAD⁺]m[Mg²⁺]² What is the order with respect to NAD⁺?
+ Explain why a strain of yeast with a defect in the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase can grow well under aerobic conditions, but not under anaerobic conditions. The yeast strain grows well when aerobic because acetaldehyde is quickly converted to lactate. The yeast strain uses CO₂ to generate NAD+ when aerobic, but GAPDH needs NADH when anaerobic. The yeast strain grows equally well under aerobic and anaerobic, but polyphenol is lethal to this strain. The yeast strain cannot oxidize NADH to generate NAD+ for the GAPDH reaction when anaerobic. The yeast strain needs to generate ethanol in order to stimulate the PFK- 1 reaction when anaerobic.
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3. (а) (coenzyme A), NAD+ (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), FAD (oxidized flavin adenine dinu- cleotide), and a five-membered ring for oxidized lipoamide, and using structural formulas outline the reactions for the oxidative decarboxylation of a-ketoglutarate catalyzed by the aKG dehydrogenase complex. Name the 3 enzymes catalyzing the reactions underlying the conversion of a-ketoglutarate. Using the following abbreviations for cofactors: TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate), COASH
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(b) the activity of the malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) system of isolated rat brain mitochondria suspended in an isotonic me- dium buffered to pH 7.4. Diagram A illustrates NADH fluo- rescence emission upon addition of Glutamate in the ab- sence and presence of Aspartate. Diagram B illustrates sim- ilarly NADH fluorescence emission upon addition of Gluta- mate in the presence of Aspartate followed by additions of submicromolar concentrations of Ca2+. As is well estab- lished, the MAS in brain, skeletal muscle, and cardiac mus- Diagrams A and B on the right show changes in Glu A Glu В -No Asp + 0 +0.12 -0.48 + 16 0.81 +1.8 ++ Asp 10 min 2 min cle mitochondria is activated by cytosolic concentrations of Ca2* < 3 µM. To simulate the cytosolic part of the MAS, the following reagents were added to the medium: 4 units/ml glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase, 6 units/ml malate dehydrogenase, 66 µM NADH, 5 mM aspartate, 5 mM malate, 0.5 mM ADP, 200 nM ruthenium red (to block the mitochondrial…
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2.1 ANSWER THE TABLE
What is the reaction potential for oxidation of NADH (for completely passing electrons from NADH to O2) with units? 2. What is the reaction potential for oxidation of FADH2 (from FADH2 to O2) with units? 3. Which reaction has a more negative deltaG?
destined to shine Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration Name the products of anaerobic respiration in plants tate two phases of aerobic respiration With a reason, state the phase that yields more energy cess that occurs implants is represented by the equation below: 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy C6H1606 (Glucose) Name the process (Ethanol) (Carbon (IV) Oxide)

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