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7.11. During the course of execution of a program, the processor will increment the contents of the instruction register (program counter) by on word after each instruction fetch, but will alter the contents of that register it encounters a branch or call instruction that causes execution to continue elsewhere in the program. Now consider Figure 7.8 . There are two alternatives with respect to instruction addresses: 1. Maintain a relative address in the instruction register and do the dynamic address translation using the instruction register as input. When a successful branch or call is encountered, the relative address generated by that branch or call is loaded into the instruction register. 2. Maintain an absolute address in the instruction register. When a successful branch or call is encountered, dynamic address translation is employed, with the results stored in the instruction register. Which approach is preferable?

7.11. During the course of execution of a program, the processor will increment the contents of the instruction register (program counter) by on word after each instruction fetch, but will alter the contents of that register it encounters a branch or call instruction that causes execution to continue elsewhere in the program. Now consider Figure 7.8 . There are two alternatives with respect to instruction addresses: 1. Maintain a relative address in the instruction register and do the dynamic address translation using the instruction register as input. When a successful branch or call is encountered, the relative address generated by that branch or call is loaded into the instruction register. 2. Maintain an absolute address in the instruction register. When a successful branch or call is encountered, dynamic address translation is employed, with the results stored in the instruction register. Which approach is preferable?

Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th Edition)
Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach (7th Edition)
7th Edition
ISBN:9780133594140
Author:James Kurose, Keith Ross
Publisher:James Kurose, Keith Ross
Chapter1: Computer Networks And The Internet
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem R1RQ: What is the difference between a host and an end system? List several different types of end...
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### Instruction Addressing in Program Execution During the course of executing a program, the processor will increment the contents of the instruction register (program counter) by one word after each instruction fetch. This process changes if the processor encounters a branch or call instruction that causes execution to continue elsewhere in the program. **Consider Figure 7.8:** There are two alternatives with respect to instruction addresses: 1. **Relative Addressing:** - Maintain a relative address in the instruction register. - Perform dynamic address translation using the instruction register as input. - If a successful branch or call is encountered, the relative address generated by that branch or call is loaded into the instruction register. 2. **Absolute Addressing:** - Maintain an absolute address in the instruction register. - When a successful branch or call is encountered, dynamic address translation is employed. - The resulting absolute address is stored in the instruction register. **Which approach is preferable?** This discussion revolves around the advantages of relative versus absolute addressing in the context of instruction execution and address translation within a processor.
Transcribed Image Text:### Instruction Addressing in Program Execution During the course of executing a program, the processor will increment the contents of the instruction register (program counter) by one word after each instruction fetch. This process changes if the processor encounters a branch or call instruction that causes execution to continue elsewhere in the program. **Consider Figure 7.8:** There are two alternatives with respect to instruction addresses: 1. **Relative Addressing:** - Maintain a relative address in the instruction register. - Perform dynamic address translation using the instruction register as input. - If a successful branch or call is encountered, the relative address generated by that branch or call is loaded into the instruction register. 2. **Absolute Addressing:** - Maintain an absolute address in the instruction register. - When a successful branch or call is encountered, dynamic address translation is employed. - The resulting absolute address is stored in the instruction register. **Which approach is preferable?** This discussion revolves around the advantages of relative versus absolute addressing in the context of instruction execution and address translation within a processor.
### Memory Management Diagram Explanation The diagram illustrates the process of translating a relative address into an absolute address using a system of registers and a comparator to manage memory in an operating system. #### Components: 1. **Relative Address**: - The input to the system, representing a memory location within a specific process's address space. 2. **Base Register**: - Holds the starting address of the process in the main memory. It adjusts the relative address to point to the correct location in the main memory. 3. **Adder**: - Combines the relative address with the base address from the base register to produce an absolute address. 4. **Absolute Address**: - The actual address used to access a specific memory location within the process's allocated space in main memory. 5. **Bounds Register**: - Defines the limits of the process's address space. Ensures that the relative address does not exceed the allocated space. 6. **Comparator**: - Checks if the absolute address is within the bounds specified by the bounds register. If the absolute address is out of bounds, an interrupt is generated. 7. **Interrupt to Operating System**: - A signal triggered when an address exceeds the bounds. It alerts the operating system to handle the address violation, often leading to an error handling routine or process termination. 8. **Process Control Block (PCB)**: - Contains all the information about the process, including the program code, data, and stack. - **Program**: Contains the executable code. - **Data**: Stores variables and dynamic data used by the program. - **Stack**: Used for function call management, local variable storage, and control flow handling. 9. **Process Image in Main Memory**: - Represents the full memory layout of a process including the program, data, and stack sections. This diagram is a fundamental representation of how processes access and manage memory, highlighting the mechanisms ensuring safe and correct memory usage.
Transcribed Image Text:### Memory Management Diagram Explanation The diagram illustrates the process of translating a relative address into an absolute address using a system of registers and a comparator to manage memory in an operating system. #### Components: 1. **Relative Address**: - The input to the system, representing a memory location within a specific process's address space. 2. **Base Register**: - Holds the starting address of the process in the main memory. It adjusts the relative address to point to the correct location in the main memory. 3. **Adder**: - Combines the relative address with the base address from the base register to produce an absolute address. 4. **Absolute Address**: - The actual address used to access a specific memory location within the process's allocated space in main memory. 5. **Bounds Register**: - Defines the limits of the process's address space. Ensures that the relative address does not exceed the allocated space. 6. **Comparator**: - Checks if the absolute address is within the bounds specified by the bounds register. If the absolute address is out of bounds, an interrupt is generated. 7. **Interrupt to Operating System**: - A signal triggered when an address exceeds the bounds. It alerts the operating system to handle the address violation, often leading to an error handling routine or process termination. 8. **Process Control Block (PCB)**: - Contains all the information about the process, including the program code, data, and stack. - **Program**: Contains the executable code. - **Data**: Stores variables and dynamic data used by the program. - **Stack**: Used for function call management, local variable storage, and control flow handling. 9. **Process Image in Main Memory**: - Represents the full memory layout of a process including the program, data, and stack sections. This diagram is a fundamental representation of how processes access and manage memory, highlighting the mechanisms ensuring safe and correct memory usage.
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